Haghshenas L, Banihashemi S, Malekzadegan Y, Catanzaro R, Moghadam Ahmadi A, Marotta F. Microbiome as an endocrine organ and its relationship with eye diseases: Effective factors and new targeted approaches. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2024; 15(5): 96446 [PMID: 39355345 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v15.i5.96446]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Leila Haghshenas, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States. leilahagh@yahoo.com
Research Domain of This Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Sep 22, 2024; 15(5): 96446 Published online Sep 22, 2024. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v15.i5.96446
Microbiome as an endocrine organ and its relationship with eye diseases: Effective factors and new targeted approaches
Leila Haghshenas, Sara Banihashemi, Yalda Malekzadegan, Roberto Catanzaro, Amir Moghadam Ahmadi, Francesco Marotta
Leila Haghshenas, Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
Sara Banihashemi, Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trend University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
Yalda Malekzadegan, Department of Microbiology, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh 3919676651, Iran
Roberto Catanzaro, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Catania, Italy
Amir Moghadam Ahmadi, Department of Neuroimmunology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
Francesco Marotta, Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Women University, Milano 20154, Italy
Co-corresponding authors: Leila Haghshenas and Francesco Marotta.
Author contributions: Haghshenas L has cooperated in all aspects of writing and sending the article for publishing and corrections; Banihashemi S and Malekzadegan Y have cooperated in the selection of figures and content analysis; Ahmadi AM has cooperated in writing the text; Catanzaro R and Marotta F have cooperated in reviewing and approving the article and guiding the topic and selecting the reference of articles.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Leila Haghshenas, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States. leilahagh@yahoo.com
Received: May 7, 2024 Revised: September 4, 2024 Accepted: September 13, 2024 Published online: September 22, 2024 Processing time: 136 Days and 0.7 Hours
Abstract
Microbiome is an endocrine organ that refers to both the complicated biological system of microbial species that colonize our bodies and their genomes and surroundings. Recent studies confirm the connection between the microbiome and eye diseases, which are involved in the pathogenesis of eye diseases, including age-related macular disorders, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, dry eye, and uveitis. The aim of this review is to investigate the microbiome in relation to eye health. First, a brief introduction of the characteristics of the gut microorganisms terms of composition and work, the role of dysbiosis, the gut microbiome and the eye microbiome in the progression of eye illnesses are highlighted, then the relationship among the microbiome and the function of the immune system and eye diseases, the role of inflammation and aging and the immune system, It has been reviewed and finally, the control and treatment goals of microbiome and eye diseases, the role of food factors and supplements, biotherapy and antibiotics in relation to microbiome and eye health have been reviewed.
Core Tip: In this article, we reviewed the content of the studies conducted in the field of intestinal microbiome and eye diseases and stated that the intestinal microbiome acts like an endocrine gland that regulates hormonal and humoral factors to regulate the innate immune system in processes related to metabolism. We reviewed dysbiosis, which causes changes in small secretory molecules in the digestive area and intestinal lumen leakage and the occurrence of diseases in all body organs, including eye diseases. We investigated latest important studies related to environmental, food and drugs in relation to intestinal microbiome and eye diseases.
