Diagnosis of subepithelial tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract by endoscopic ultrasonography

Table 1 Endoscopic ultrasonography feature of subepithelial tumors

	EUS layer	Organ	EUS appearance
Varices	3rd	Fundus	Anechoic
Lipomas	3rd	Stomach, duodenum, rectum	Hyperechoic, smooth margins
Ectopic pancreas	3rd, 4th (2nd, 5th)	Antrum	Hypoechoic, heterogeneous (possible ductal structure)
Cysts	3rd	Esophagus, stomach, duodenum	Anechoic, compressible, round or oval (3rd or 5th layer are suggestive of duplication cyst)
Inflammatory fibroid polyp	2nd	Antrum, duodenum	Polypoid, hypoechoic, covered by a thin mucosa
Granular cell tumor	2nd, 3rd, 4th	Esophagus	Hypoechoic, oval, heterogeneous,
Leiomyoma	4th (2nd)	Esophagus, cardia	Hypoechoic, round or oval, well demarcated
Schwannoma	4th (3rd )	Stomach	Hypoechoic, round or oval, well demarcated
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor	4th (2nd, 3rd, 5th)	Stomach, small intestine	Hypoechoic, round (large tumors > 4 cm, homogeneous, irregular border, cystic areas of echogenic foci: borderline or malignant )
Leiomyosarcoma	2nd, 4th	Esophagus, stomach	Hypoechoic, heterogeneous, irregular extraluminal border or invasiveness of the neighbouring organs
Carcinod	2nd, 3rd	Fundus, rectum	Hypoechoic
Lymphoma	2nd, 3rd, 4th	Stomach	Hypoechoic
Metastases	1st-5th or all	All	Hypoechoic, heterogeneous, irregular margin

EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography.