Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomics for detecting prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Key characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Year	Country	Number of patients	Center	Field strength (T)	Study design (Re/Pr)	Sequences	Segmentation software	Lesion segmentation	Code/data availability	Biological correlation analysis	Cut-off analyses conducted	Reference standard
Bertelli et al[4]	2021	Italy	112	Single	1.5T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	2D	Yes	No	Yes	TRUSGB and MRGB
Wu et al[5]	2019	Canada	90	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	ImageJ (v.1.48, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD)	2D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Urakami et al[6]	2022	Japan	101	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Nketiah et al[7]	2021	Norway	96	Multicenter	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Jensen et al[8]	2019	Denmark	182	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	TRUSGB
Gong et al[23]	2022	China	489	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	ITK-SNAP, version 3.4.0	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Castillo T et al[13]	2021	Netherlands	644	Multicenter	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	STRUSGB
Castillo T et al[14]	2021	Netherlands	204	Multicenter	3.0T and 1.5T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Orczyk et al[15]	2019	United Kingdom	20	Multicenter	1.5T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Damascelli et al[50]	2021	Italy	102	Single	1.5T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Niu et al[51]	2018	China	184	Single	1.5T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	NR
Peng et al[52]	2021	China	194	Single	1.5T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Zhang et al[24]	2021	China	139	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Open source, ITK-SNAP	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Han et al[25]	2021	China	176	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	ITK-SNAP, Toolbox v3.6.0	3D	Yes	No	Yes	MRI-TRUS biopsy
Gong et al[26]	2020	China	489	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	ITK-SNAP v.3.4.0	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Cheng et al[27]	2023	China	226	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	ITKSNAP software	3D	Yes	No	Yes	STRUSGB and MRGB
Min et al[28]	2019	China	280	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	ITK-SNAP software	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Li et al[29]	2020	China	381	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Bonekamp et al[10]	2018	Germany	316	Single	3.0T	Pr	mpMRI without DCE	The medical imaging toolkit	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Zhang et al[30]	2022	China	142	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	ITK-SNAP software	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	STRUSGB and MRGB
Liu et al[31]	2021	United States	402	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Hou et al[32]	2020	China	263	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Bleker et al[11]	2021	Netherlands	206	Single	3.0T	Pr	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	2D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Xiong et al[53]	2021	China	85	Single	1.5T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Yang et al[33]	2023	China	392	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	ITK-SNAP software	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Bleker et al[16]	2020	Netherlands	262	Multicenter	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	2D	Yes	No	Yes	STRUSGB and MRGB
Woźnicki et al[20]	2020	Germany	191	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Board-certified radiologist (D.N.)	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Bevilacqua et al[34]	2021	Italy	76	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Donisi et al[21]	2021	Italy	299	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	2D	Yes	Yes	Yes	TRUSGB
Zhou et al[17]	2023	China	170	Multicenter	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	ITK-SNAP software	3D	Yes	No	Yes	TRUSGB
Chen et al[35]	2019	China	381	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	TRUSGB
Fehr et al[36]	2015	United States	147	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Roest et al[18]	2023	Netherlands	1513	Multicenter	3.0T and 1.5T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Algohary et al[37]	2018	United States	301	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Zhang et al[38]	2021	China	140	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	2D	Yes	No	Yes	TTSB
Isaksson et al[39]	2020	Italy	121	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Tanadini-Lang et al[40]	2018	Switzerland	47	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Bourbonne et al[41]	2020	United States	195	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
McGarry et al[12]	2022	United States	48	Single	3.0T	Pr	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	2D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Penzias et al[42]	2018	United States	34	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	NR
Daniel et al[19]	2019	Austria	42	Multicenter	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	NR
Wang et al[22]	2017	China	54	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	TRUSGB
Jung et al[43]	2020	Korea	68	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	TRUSGB and RP
Stoyanova et al[44]	2016	United States	46	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	TRUSGB and RP
Schieda et al[45]	2021	Canada	76	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Ginsburg et al[46]	2017	United States	54	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	RP
Shiradkar et al[47]	2018	United States	120	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	RP
Zhang et al[48]	2019	China	140	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI with DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	No	Yes	TRUSGB and MRGB
Toivonen et al[49]	2019	Finland	72	Single	3.0T	Re	mpMRI without DCE	Manual segmentation	3D	Yes	Yes	Yes	TRUSGB and RP

Re: Retrospective cohort study; Pr: Prospective cohort study; mpMRI: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging; DCE: Dynamic contrast enhancement; TRUSGB: Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy; MRGB: Magnetic resonance imaging-guided biopsy; RP: Radical prostatectomy; STRUSGB: Systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy; MR-TRUS: Fusion of magnetic resonance and transrectal ultrasound images; TTSB: Transperineal template saturation biopsy; NR: Not reported.

Table 2 Results of the subgroup analysis, 95% confidence intervals

	Number of studies	Sensitivity			P value	Specificity			P value	AUC
		Sensitivity	P value	I2		Specificity	P value	I2
Overall	49	0.84 (0.81-0.87)	< 0.01	93.08 (91.76-94.40)		0.78 (0.70-0.84)	< 0.01	94.68 (93.75-95.62)		0.88 (0.85-0.91)
Sequences					< 0.01				< 0.01
mpMRI with DCE	20	0.88 (0.84-0.91)	< 0.01	72.75 (60.62-84.87)		0.83 (0.76-0.88)	< 0.01	84.66 (78.82-90.50)		0.82 (0.81-0.97)
mpMRI without DCE	29	0.82 (0.77-0.87)	< 0.01	94.41 (93.11-95.71)		0.73 (0.67-0.83)	< 0.01	95.90 (95.03-96.77)		0.87 (0.81-0.94)
Lesion segmentation					< 0.01				< 0.01
2D	7	0.79 (0.71-0.83)	< 0.01	92.54 (88.50-96.59)		0.76 (0.73-0.83)	< 0.01	93.33 (89.82-96.84)		0.78 (0.73-0.81)
3D	42	0.85 (0.82-0.88)	< 0.01	92.21 (91.43-94.38)		0.86 (0.77-0.89)	< 0.01	94.56 (93.52-95.60)		0.86 (0.82-0.95)
Tumor aggressiveness					< 0.01				< 0.01
csPCa	30	0.85 (0.82-0.88)	< 0.01	95.02 (93.92-96.12)		0.87 (0.84-0.92)	< 0.01	96.21 (95.44-96.96)		0.93 (0.81-0.95)
Non-csPCa	19	0.71 (0.63-0.77)	< 0.01	69.89 (55.77-84.00)		0.78 (0.73-0.82)	< 0.01	83.84 (77.44-90.25)		0.76 (0.72-0.83)

AUC: Area under the curve; mpMRI: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging; DCE: Dynamic contrast enhancement; csPCa: Clinically significant prostate cancer; Non-csPCa: Nonclinically significant prostate cancer.