Application of voxel-based morphometric method to detect brain changes in children with non-cyanotic congenital heart disease

Table 1 Age and gender

	CON	CHD	P value
Gender, female/male	19/16	28/26	> 0.05
Age, range (median)	1-3Y (1.8Y)	1-3Y (1.9Y)	> 0.05

CON: Control; CHD: Congenital heart disease.

Table 2 Types of congenital heart disease

Type of CHD	PDA	ASD	VSD	ASD+PDA	Total
Number of cases	36	15	1	2	54

CHD: Congenital heart disease; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; ASD: Atrial septal defect; VSD: Ventricular septal defect.

Table 3 Mean gross volumes (mL) of various brain regions

	GM (mean ± SD)	WM (mean ± SD)	CSF (mean ± SD)	TIV (mean ± SD)	WM%
CON	586.05 ± 17.08	275.06 ± 16.10	138.88 ± 21.87	1003.58 ± 100.56	27.41
CHD	566.88 ± 113.25	257.67 ± 50.23	175.45 ± 158.58	987.44 ± 124.16	26.09
P value	> 0.05	< 0.05	> 0.05	> 0.05	< 0.05

WM% = [WM (mean)/TIV (mean)]×100%. GM: Gray matter; WM: White matter; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; TIV: Total intracranial volume; CON: Control; CHD: Congenital heart disease.

Table 4 Distribution of white matter atrophy in the brain of children with non-cyanotic congenital heart disease

Brain region	MNI coordinates			Cluster size	Peak intensity
Pulvinar	27	-31.5	9	33	6.0857
Sub-lobar				33
Right cerebrum				33
White matter				32
Extra-nuclear				32
Precentral gyrus	-37.5	-1.5	33	52	6.9196
Left cerebrum				52
Frontal lobe				52
White matter				49
Precentral gyrus				31
Precentral_L (AAL)				28
Postcentral gyrus	33	-18	40.5	34	5.6201
Right cerebrum				34
Frontal lobe				34
White matter				33
Sub-gyral				32

MNI: Montreal institute of neurology.