Interpretable radiomics model based on magnetic resonance imaging to predict responses to transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 1 Region of interests along the edge of the lesion. A: Fat-saturation T2-weighted imaging; B: Arterial phase image; C: Portal venous phase image; D: Three-dimensional image of the lesion.

Figure 2 Assessment of the consistency of magnetic resonance imaging radiomic feature extraction via the intraclass correlation coefficient. A: Inter-observer agreement assessment of fat-saturation T2-weighted imaging; B: Intra-observer reliability assessment of fat-saturation T2-weighted imaging; C: Inter-observer agreement assessment of arterial phase; D: Intra-observer reliability assessment of arterial phase; E: Inter-observer agreement assessment of portal venous phase; F: Intra-observer reliability assessment of portal venous phase. ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient.

Figure 3 Feature selection via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. A: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression coefficient path diagram. As the penalty parameter increases, the feature coefficients gradually decrease toward zero. The features with nonzero coefficients at the λ (1-standard error) line were ultimately selected, resulting in 3, 2, and 1 optimal feature from the features of the fat-saturation T2-weighted imaging, arterial phase, and portal venous phase datasets for subsequent model construction; B: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression parameter diagram. The two vertical dashed lines indicate the selected values using cross-validation: The optimal value was obtained by applying the minimum criteria and 1 of the minimum criteria (1-standard error criteria).

Figure 4 Receiver operating characteristic curves. The showing the performance of the fat-saturation T2-weighted imaging, arterial phase, portal venous phase, joint-radiomic model, and radiomic-clinical model in predicting responses to transarterial chemoembolization. A: Training group; B: Validation group. FS-T2WI: Fat-saturation T2-weighted imaging; AP: Arterial phase; PVP: Portal venous phase; JR: Joint-radiomic; RC: Radiomic-clinical.

Figure 5 SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis plot of each predictor in the radiomic-clinical model. A: SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) summary plot shows the distribution of the SHAP values of each predictor in all the samples; B: The SHAP bar plot shows the importance of each predictor in predicting early responses to transarterial chemoembolization (TACE); C: SHAP waterfall plot showing the predicted values for individual samples with the predicted outcome of non-response to TACE; D: SHAP waterfall plot showing the predicted values for individual samples with the predicted outcome of early response to TACE. AP: Arterial phase; PVP: Portal venous phase; FS-T2WI: Fat-saturation T2-weighted imaging; SHAP: SHapley Additive exPlanations.