Differences in cardiac output of patients undergoing trans-catheter aortic valve implantation according to their underlying rhythm

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of included patients stratified according to the presence of atrial fibrillation, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variable	Whole cohort (n = 138)	Non-atrial fibrillation (n = 107)	Atrial fibrillation (n = 31)	P value
Age	82 ± 6	82 ± 6	82 ± 6	0.77
Male gender	30 (22)	26 (24)	4 (13)	0.18
Body surface area	1.8 ± 0.2	1.8 ± 0.2	1.8 ± 0.2	0.64
Diabetes	37 (27)	25 (23)	12 (39)	0.089
Smoker	10 (7)	10 (9)	0 (0)	0.077
Hemoglobin	121 ± 17	121 ± 17	121 ± 18	0.72
Previous MI	14 (10)	10 (9)	4 (13)	0.56
Chronic lung disease	36 (26)	27 (25)	9 (29)	0.67
Previous CVA/TIA	20 (15)	14 (13)	6 (19)	0.38
Previous cardiac surgery	17 (12)	10 (9)	7 (23)	0.048
Valve size	23 (23-26)	23 (23-26)	23 (23-26)	0.50
Peak gradient	79 ± 25	77 ± 26	85 ± 22	0.17
Mean gradient	47 ± 18	46 ± 18	51 ± 15	0.25
Valve area	0.66 ± 0.16	0.68 ± 0.16	0.59 ± 0.15	0.005
Low flow low gradient	27 (20)	23 (22)	4 (13)	0.29
Preserved LV function	112 (81)	88 (82)	21 (68)	0.081
Annulus area	378 ± 39	377 ± 40	384 ± 38	0.37

MI: Myocardial infarction; CVA: Cerebrovascular event; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; LV: Left ventricle.

Table 2 Echocardiographic characteristics of included patients post-transcatheter aortic valve implantation, mean ± SD

Variable	Non-atrial fibrillation			Atrial fibrillation
	BEV (n = 59)	SEV (n = 48)	P value	BEV (n = 20)	SEV (n = 11)	P value
Peak gradient, mmHg	29 ± 12	17 ± 8	< 0.001	29 ± 16	21 ± 15	0.15
Mean gradient, mmHg	16 ± 7	9 ± 5	< 0.001	17 ± 9	11 ± 8	0.09
LVOT VTI, cm	25 ± 6	26 ± 6	0.20	21 ± 4	22 ± 7	0.53
LVOT diameter, cm	1.92 ± 0.17	1.90 ± 0.17	0.57	1.94 ± 0.16	1.90 ± 0.22	0.54
Heart rate beat per minute	70 ± 11	76 ± 14	0.014	76 ± 16	73 ± 15	0.61
Stroke volume, mL	72 ± 18	75 ± 21	0.45	63 ± 16	65 ± 25	0.87
Cardiac output, L/minute	5.0 ± 1.3	5.7 ± 1.5	0.029	4.6 ± 0.9	4.5 ± 1.2	0.67
Cardiac index, L/minute/m2	2.9 ± 0.8	3.2 ± 0.8	0.083	2.6 ± 0.7	2.5 ± 0.6	0.83

LVOT: Left ventricular outflow tract; VTI: Velocity-time integral; BEV: Balloon-expandable valve; SEV: Self-expanding valve.

Table 3 Clinical characteristics of included patients according to implanted platform, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variable	Non-atrial fibrillation			Atrial fibrillation
	BEV (n = 59)	SEV (n = 48)	P value	BEV (n = 20)	SEV (n = 11)	P value
Age	82 ± 6	82 ± 7	0.53	83 ± 4	79 ± 8	0.14
Male gender	15 (25)	11 (23)	0.76	2 (10)	2 (18)	0.52
Body surface area	1.8 ± 0.2	1.8 ± 0.2	0.47	1.8 ± 0.2	1.8 ± 0.3	0.52
Diabetes	14 (24)	11 (23)	0.92	8 (40)	4 (36)	0.84
Smoker	5 (9)	5 (10)	0.73	0	0
Hemoglobin	123 ± 16	118 ± 17	0.12	120 ± 17	124 ± 20	0.59
Previous MI	5 (9)	5 (10)	0.73	4 (20)	0 (0)	0.11
Chronic lung disease	15 (25)	12 (25)	0.96	6 (30)	3 (27)	0.87
Previous CVA/TIA	8 (14)	6 (13)	0.87	5 (25)	1 (9)	0.28
Previous cardiac surgery	9 (15)	1 (2)	0.02	6 (30)	1 (9)	0.18
Valve size	23 (23-23)	26 (26-29)	< 0.001	23 (23-26)	26 (26-29)	< 0.001
Peak gradient	75 ± 23	80 ± 30	0.26	84 ± 19	86 ± 26	0.80
Mean gradient	45 ± 15	48 ± 21	0.40	51 ± 13	51 ± 21	0.99
Valve area	0.65 ± 0.17	0.71 ± 0.15	0.09	0.56 ± 0.14	0.63 ± 0.16	0.23
Low flow low gradient	15 (25)	8 (17)	0.27	2 (10)	2 (18)	0.52
Preserved LV function	44 (75)	44 (92)	0.021	14 (70)	7 (64)	0.72
Annulus area	379 ± 36	374 ± 44	0.60	388 ± 37	380 ± 41	0.56

MI: Myocardial infarction; CVA: Cerebrovascular event; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; LV: Left ventricle; BEV: Balloon-expandable valve; SEV: Self-expanding valve.