Comparative characteristics of in vitro models for studying angiogenesis in cardiovascular disease

Table 1 Comparative characteristics of in vitro angiogenesis models

Ref.	View	Description	Application in cardiology and angiology	Pros of the model	Cons of the model	Speed of implementation
Galimova et al[15], 2018	2D cultivation	Cultivation occurs on a culture dish, the cells form a monolayer, all cells receive the same amount of nutrients and growth factors from the nutrient medium	Study of endothelial cell proliferation during hypoxia, screening of angiogenic factors	Low cost, ease of implementation, ease of analysis of results, high reproducibility	Lack of 3D interactions, low physiological relevance, rapid loss of functional properties of cells	< 1 week
Ballester-Beltrán et al[21], 2015	Sandwich model	Multilayer cultures with alternating cells and extracellular matrix (e.g. Matrigel)	Modeling fibrotic foci and angiogenesis under conditions of chronic inflammation	Provide cellular adhesion. Stabilizes and polarizes cells. Allows to simulate conditions occurring in fibrous lesions	Heterogeneity of structure. Variations in the composition of Matrigel from batch to batch	1-2 weeks
Laschke and Menger[27], 2017	Spheroids	Three-dimensional cell aggregates measuring 50-500 µm	Drug testing, regenerative technologies, study of physiological vessel growth, study of angiogenesis in tumor model	The ability of cellular differentiation and interaction with the extracellular matrix, high relevance of models, versatility and cost-effectiveness of models	Limited lifespan, difficulty in size control, uneven diffusion of nutrients	1-2 weeks
Werschler et al[36], 2024	Organelles	Self-organizing 3D structure from stem cells that mimics tissue architecture	Study of cardiotoxicity of drugs, modeling of ischemia, replacement of animal testing, personalization of medicine	High physiological relevance, personalization	Limited size, technical complexity, significant variations from batch to batch, short service life	2-4 weeks
Chen et al[34], 2017	Microfluidics	Technology for working with liquids in channels the size of which is tens of micrometers	Study of thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and the effects of drugs on blood vessels	Reproduction of hemodynamics, increasing structural homogeneity, integration of sensors	High cost, complex production, limited scalability	2-6 weeks
Paek et al[39], 2019	Organ-on-a-chip	Microfluidic system combining cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells	Study of cardiotoxicity of drugs, modeling of ischemia, replacement of animal testing, personalization of medicine	Modeling the interaction of the heart and blood vessels	High cost and complexity of production	4-8 weeks
Jang et al[54], 2019	iPSC models	Using induced pluripotent stem cells to generate endothelial cells	Research of hereditary angiopathies, personalized medicine, determination of cardiotoxicity of drugs	The ability to use patient cells without requiring embryonic stem cells	Difficulty of standardization, high cost and time of implementation, genetic instability	6-10 weeks