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©The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Jan 26, 2026; 18(1): 106885
Published online Jan 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i1.106885
Published online Jan 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i1.106885
Comparative characteristics of in vitro models for studying angiogenesis in cardiovascular disease
Anastasia Kalinina, Medical Faculty, Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan 390026, Ryazanskaya Oblast’, Russia
Nina Mzhavanadze, Roman Kalinin, Igor Suchkov, Department of Cardiovascular, Endovascular Surgery and Diagnostic Radiology, Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan 390026, Russia
Author contributions: Kalinina A and Mzhavanadze N interpreted data, drafted and translated the manuscript; Kalinin R and Suchkov I designed the study, interpreted data, and approved the final version.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Nina Mzhavanadze, Department of Cardiovascular, Endovascular Surgery and Diagnostic Radiology, Ryazan State Medical University, Vysokovoltnaya 9, Ryazan 390026, Russia. nina_mzhavanadze@mail.ru
Received: March 10, 2025
Revised: May 30, 2025
Accepted: November 25, 2025
Published online: January 26, 2026
Processing time: 311 Days and 11.6 Hours
Revised: May 30, 2025
Accepted: November 25, 2025
Published online: January 26, 2026
Processing time: 311 Days and 11.6 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Experimental angiogenesis research is rapidly evolving in cardiovascular medicine. In vitro models offer precise control and stable experimental conditions with favorable cost-effectiveness compared with ex vivo and in vivo approaches. Limitations include incomplete reproduction of physiological conditions, particularly in 2D systems. Wider implementation of 3D culture, microfluidic platforms, and artificial intelligence should be considered to achieve more comprehensive and physiologically relevant studies of angiogenesis despite greater complexity and cost.