Pharmacological interventions to enhance exercise capacity in patients with heart failure

Table 1 Summary results of systematic review and meta-analysis of guideline directed medical therapy for heart failure in relation to exercise capacity in individuals with heart failure

Ref.	Agent used	Inclusion criteria	Number of clinical trials	Number of participants	Duration of follow-up	Outcomes	Results	Quality assessment tool
Gao et al[17], 2024	SGLT2i	RCTs published up to July 31, 2023	4	250	3-12 months	Peak VO2	Significant improvement for SGLT2i	The risk of bias 2 for the included RCTs
			7	1457	3-9 months	6MWD	Significant improvement
Fukuta et al[18], 2019	Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist	RCTs published up to December 31, 2017	3	633	6-12 months	Peak VO2	No significant difference	The Jadad quality scale for the included RCTs
			4	594	6-12 months	6MWD	No significant difference
Bhattacharjee et al[19], 2023	Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor	RCT published from January 1, 2010 to January 1, 2023	1	52	12-24 weeks	Peak VO2	No significant difference	The risk of bias for the included RCTs and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations framework for the quality of evidence for the primary outcome
			2	673	12-24 weeks	6MWD	No significant difference

RCT: Randomized controlled trial; SGLT2i: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; VO₂: Peak oxygen consumption; 6MWD: 6-minute walking distance.