Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Cardiol. Nov 26, 2023; 15(11): 599-608
Published online Nov 26, 2023. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v15.i11.599
Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics
Characteristic
HF
Control
P value
No. of patients5617
Age (yr)78.1 ± 13.170.3 ± 12.80.03
Male36 (66)12 (70)0.85
Body mass index (kg/m2)22.8 ± 4.524.4 ± 3.70.18
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)138.9 ± 33.3132.2 ± 26.20.45
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)84.1 ± 22.387 ± 21.30.18
Duration of hospital stay (d)16.9 ± 8.58.1 ± 5.2< 0.01
NYHA classification
    Class II1 (2)--
    Class III35 (65)--
    Class IV13 (24)--
    Atrial fibrillation29 (51)0 (0)-
Etiology of HF
Ischemic cardiomyopathy13 (23)--
Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy14 (25)--
Valvar heart disease11 (20)--
Other18 (32)--
History of HF18 (32)--
In-hospital death 0 (0)0 (0)-
Data are n (%) or mean ± SD. HF: Heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association.
Table 2 Changes in the portal vein pulsatility ratio in control patients and patients with heart failure
Parameter
Control (admission)
HF (admission)
P value
Minimal velocity (cm/s)14.4 ± 2.312.6 ± 4.5< 0.01
Peak velocity (cm/s)15.7 ± 2.518.6 ± 6.20.12
PVPR0.08 ± 0.070.29 ± 0.2< 0.01
HF: Heart failure; PVPR: Portal vein pulsatility ratio.
Table 3 Changes in the biochemical and echocardiographic data of patients with heart failure
Parameter
Admission
Discharge
P value
Laboratory data
Albumin (mg/dL)3.5 ± 0.43.4 ± 0.50.14
AST (IU/L)61.4 ± 17.823.8 ± 15.00.06
ALT (IU/L)46 ± 12.419 ± 2.00.06
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)1.0 ± 0.60.8 ± 0.4< 0.01
BUN (mg/dL)28.3 ± 12.128.4 ± 12.40.50
Creatinine (mg/dL)1.5 ± 1.41.4 ± 0.90.30
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)43.7 ± 18.143.7 ± 18.50.99
Hb (g/dL)11.8 ± 2.511.6 ± 2.40.30
BNP (pg/mL)1010 ± 1181396 ± 626< 0.01
TTE
EF (%)42 ± 1644 ± 140.51
TRPG (mmHg)31.3 ± 12.125.2 ± 8.9< 0.01
TAPSE (mmHg)16.5 ± 4.917.4 ± 3.70.43
IVC (mm)16.5 ± 4.214.2 ± 2.9< 0.01
Data are mean ± SD. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; EF: Ejection fraction; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb: Hemoglobin; IVC: Inferior vena cava; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRPG: Tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient; TTE: Transthoracic echocardiography.
Table 4 Biochemical and echocardiographic data of patients with heart failure categorized by portal vein pulsatility ratio at discharge
Parameter
PVPR-T1
PVPR-T2
PVPR-T3
P value
Age (yr)81.3 ± 11.678.7 ± 13.776.6 ± 14.80.54
Male11 (55)8 (61)14 (56)0.92
Laboratory data
    Albumin (mg/dL)3.4 ± 0.73.5 ± 0.53.3 ± 0.40.84
    AST (IU/L)24 ± 8.722.1 ± 6.525.2 ± 24.50.85
    ALT (IU/L)20.6 ± 17.119.6 ± 11.117.2 ± 27.40.86
    Total bilirubin (mg/dL)0.7 ± 0.30.9 ± 0.50.7 ± 0.30.08
    BUN (mg/dL)31.2 ± 13.124.8 ± 12.229.0 ± 14.00.34
    Creatinine (mg/dL)1.5 ± 0.91.2 ± 0.61.5 ± 1.10.52
    eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)39.4 ± 15.348.2 ± 15.646.9 ± 23.70.28
    Hb (g/dL)11.5 ± 2.413.0 ± 2.510.6 ± 2.00.08
    BNP (pg/mL)200 ± 178350 ± 342682 ± 10300.12
TTE
    EF (%)48 ± 1342 ± 1542 ± 170.40
    TRPG (mmHg)22.1 ± 5.227 ± 7.326.1 ± 10.90.24
    TAPSE (mmHg)22 ± 5.222.2 ± 7.521.9 ± 10.80.84
    IVC (mm)13.3 ± 2.614.7 ± 3.014.9 ± 3.10.21
Data are n (%) or mean ± SD. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; EF: Ejection fraction; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb: Hemoglobin; IVC: Inferior vena cava; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRPG: Tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient; TTE: Transthoracic echocardiography; PVPR-T1: 0 ≤ portal vein pulsatility ratio ≤ 0.08; PVPR-T2: 0.08 < portal vein pulsatility ratio ≤ 0.21; PVPR-T3: 0.21 > portal vein pulsatility ratio.