Innate immunity and wound repair: The platelet-rich fibrin advantage

Table 1 Mechanisms and factors by which platelet-rich fibrin facilitates wound healing

Mechanism/factor	Details	Role in wound healing	Signaling molecules/cytokines/chemokines
Fibrin matrix formation	PRF forms a dense fibrin matrix	Provides a structural scaffold for cell migration and proliferation. Traps and concentrates GFs and signaling molecules at the wound site
Sustained release of GFs	PRF allows for the gradual and sustained release of GFs	Prolonged stimulation of tissue repair mechanisms. Supports cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration	PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF
Modulation of inflammation	PRF helps regulate the inflammatory response	Prevents excessive or prolonged inflammation, promoting a balanced healing environment	May involve modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1) and anti-inflammatory mediators
Enhanced cell migration and proliferation	GFs released from PRF stimulate cell migration and proliferation	Accelerates tissue regeneration and wound closure	PDGF, TGF-β, and other GFs stimulate cellular signaling pathways involved in cell migration (e.g., Rho GTPases) and proliferation (mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinase)
Promotion of collagenization	PRF supports collagen deposition and organization	Contributes to the structural remodeling of the wound matrix and enhances long-term tissue strength	TGF-β plays a key role in stimulating collagen synthesis by fibroblasts
Angiogenesis	PRF promotes the formation of new blood vessels	Improves blood supply to the wound, delivering oxygen and nutrients necessary for healing	VEGF stimulates signaling pathways involved in endothelial cell proliferation and migration (such as VEGF-R signaling)
Matrix remodeling	PRF influences the remodeling of the extracellular matrix	Contributes to the restoration of functional tissue and minimizes scar formation	Involves matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors

GF: Growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; PRF: Platelet-rich fibrin; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.