Intramuscular injection of therapeutic botulinum toxin facilitates blood coagulation in experimental aging mice

Figure 1 Botulinum toxin treatment reduced bleeding time and loss of blood upon tail tip transection. A: Representative image of bleeding assay during the tail tip amputation of an experimental mouse; B: The differences in the blood loss from the tail tip cut of a control and Botulinum toxin (BoNT)-treated mouse in the prewarmed saline containing tubes; C: Tail bleeding time; D: Total bleeding duration; E: Difference in body weight before and after the tail bleeding assay; F: The estimated volume of blood loss in control and BoNT-treated animals. ^aP value ≤ 0.01, ^bP value ≤ 0.001. BoNT: Botulinum toxin.

Figure 2 Reduced clotting time and prothrombin time in blood samples collected from Botulinum toxin-treated animals. A: Representative image for the appearance of the fibrin thread on the glass slide as the estimation of the clotting time; B: Clotting time in the control and Botulinum toxin (BoNT)-treated animals; C: Prothrombin time in the control and BoNT-treated animals. ^cP value ≤ 0.01. BoNT: Botulinum toxin.

Figure 3 Enhanced platelet aggregation in blood samples of Botulinum toxin-treated mice. A: Phase contrast microscopic images of aggregation of platelets obtained from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of control; B: Phase contrast microscopic images of aggregation of platelets obtained from PRP of Botulinum toxin (BoNT)-treated animals; C: The bar graph data represents the percentage of platelet aggregation in control and BoNT-treated animals. ^dP value ≤ 0.01. BoNT: Botulinum toxin.