Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture for postoperative nausea and vomiting after cholecystectomy: Mechanistic insights and clinical evidence

doi:10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.115158

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Mar 27, 2026 (publication date) through Mar 30, 2026

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Surg. Mar 27, 2026; 18(3): 115158
Published online Mar 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.115158

Table 1 Major risk factors and mechanistic contributors to postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Category	Specific factors	Mechanistic pathways involved
Patient-related	Female sex; younger age; history of motion sickness or prior PONV; non-smoking status	Heightened serotonergic sensitivity; autonomic imbalance
Anesthetic-related	Volatile anesthetics; opioids	Activation of 5-HT 3 and D2 pathways; delayed gastric emptying; vagal stimulation
Surgical-related	Bile duct manipulation; pneumoperitoneum	Gastrointestinal irritation; inflammatory signaling; altered bile acid dynamics
Physiological and biochemical	Altered gut microbiota; bile acid–serotonin interactions	Increased colonic 5-HT production; dysregulated motility
Perioperative factors	Anxiety; prolonged fasting; hemodynamic instability	Autonomic dysregulation; impaired gastrointestinal perfusion

PONV: Postoperative nausea and vomiting; 5-HT: 5-Hydroxytryptamine.

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Citation: Shan Y, Zhang HX, Jiao Y. Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture for postoperative nausea and vomiting after cholecystectomy: Mechanistic insights and clinical evidence. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(3): 115158
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i3/115158.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.115158