Effects of preoperative immunonutrition vs standard oral nutrition in patients undergoing colorectal surgery: A randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Socio-demographic and pre-operative information, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variable	Oral Impact (n = 28)	Nutren Optimum (n = 30)	P value
Age (years)	59.6 ± 13.5	60.6 ± 13.4	0.787
Sex			0.455
Female	12 (42.9)	10 (33.3)
Male	16 (57.1)	20 (66.7)
Body mass index (kg/m2)			0.767
< 18.5	0 (0.0)	1 (3.3)
> 30	1 (3.6)	1 (3.3)
18.5-24.9	19 (67.9)	22 (73.3)
25-29.9	8 (28.6)	6 (20.0)
NRS score			0.584
0-3	23 (85.2)	24 (80.0)
4	3 (11.1)	2 (6.7)
5-7	1 (3.7)	4 (13.3)
Unknown	1	0
ASA class			0.050
1	13 (46.4)	15 (50.0)
2	15 (53.6)	10 (33.3)
3	0 (0.0)	5 (16.7)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.3 ± 1.4	11.8 ± 1.6	0.266
Total white cell count	8.4 ± 2.2	8.7 ± 2.8	0.657
Serum albumin (g/dL)	37.3 ± 5.0	37.5 ± 5.9	0.882
Urea (mmol/L)	4.9 ± 2.0	4.8 ± 1.8	0.772
Creatinine (mmol/L)	75.9 ± 25.1	81.6 ± 20.9	0.359
Unknown	0	1
Diabetes mellitus	15 (53.6)	9 (30.0)	0.069
Hypertension	14 (50.0)	21 (70.0)	0.120
Chronic kidney disease	2 (7.1)	1 (3.3)	0.605
Ischemic heart disease	5 (17.9)	4 (13.3)	0.726
Previous abdominal surgery	9 (32.1)	10 (33.3)	0.923

NRS: Nutrition risk screening; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology.

Table 2 Intra operative information, n (%)

Variable	Oral Impact (n = 28)	Nutren Optimum (n = 30)	P value
Nature of disease			> 0.999
Benign	3 (10.7)	4 (13.3)
Malignant	25 (89.3)	26 (86.7)
Mode of surgery			0.396
Laparoscopic	14 (50.0)	13 (43.3)
Laparoscopic assisted	4 (14.3)	6 (20.0)
Laparoscopic convert open	6 (21.4)	10 (33.3)
Open surgery	4 (14.3)	1 (3.3)
Surgery performed			0.794
Abdominoperineal resection	1 (3.6)	2 (6.7)
Anterior resection with stoma	2 (7.1)	5 (16.7)
Anterior resection without stoma	9 (32.1)	13 (43.3)
Closure of stoma	3 (10.7)	1 (3.3)
Extended right hemicolectomy	1 (3.6)	1 (3.3)
Hartmann’s procedure	1 (3.6)	1 (3.3)
Left hemicolectomy	3 (10.7)	1 (3.3)
Reversal of Hartmann’s procedure	3 (10.7)	3 (10.0)
Right hemicolectomy	4 (14.3)	2 (6.7)
Sigmoid colectomy	0 (0.0)	1 (3.3)
Subtotal colectomy	1 (3.6)	0 (0.0)
Operating surgeon			0.973
Colorectal surgeon	1 (3.6)	1 (3.3)
Colorectal surgeon, colorectal trainee	13 (46.4)	16 (53.3)
Colorectal surgeon, colorectal trainee, general surgeon	2 (7.1)	1 (3.3)
Colorectal surgeon, general surgeon	0 (0.0)	1 (3.3)
Colorectal trainee	6 (21.4)	6 (20.0)
Colorectal trainee, general surgeon	6 (21.4)	5 (16.7)
Duration of surgery, mean ± SD	4.9 ± 1.8	4.8 ± 1.9	0.895
Total blood loss			0.380
< 500 mL	24 (85.7)	23 (76.7)
> 500 mL	4 (14.3)	7 (23.3)
Blood transfusion	4 (14.3)	7 (23.3)	0.380

Table 3 General post operative outcomes, median (IQR)/n (%)

Variable	Oral Impact (n = 28)	Nutren Optimum (n = 30)	P value
Initiation of clear fluid (days)	1.0 (0.3)	1.0 (0.8)	0.783
Initiation of nourishing fluid (days)	2.0 (1.0)	2.0 (1.0)	0.877
Initiation of soft diet (days)	4.0 (1.0)	4.0 (2.0)	0.274
Return to normal diet (days)	4.0 (1.0)	5.0 (1.8)	0.189
Flatus (days)	2.0 (1.0)	2.0 (1.0)	0.640
Bowel output (days)	3.0 (0.0)	3.0 (1.0)	0.200
Unknown	1	1
C-reactive protein (day 3 post surgery), mean ± SD	78.2 ± 57.7	102.1 ± 56.1	0.116
Duration of antibiotic (days)	4.0 (3.3)	5.0 (2.8)	0.100
Indication of antibiotic			0.192
Prophylactic	16 (57.1)	12 (40.0)
Treatment	12 (42.9)	18 (60.0)
ICU stay (days)	11 (39.3)	15 (50.0)	0.412
Total length of hospital stays (days)	6.0 (2.3)	7.0 (3.0)	0.353

IQR: Interquartile range; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Table 4 Post operative complications, n (%)

Variable	Oral Impact (n = 28)	Nutren Optimum (n = 30)	P value
Prolonged post operative ileus	1 (3.6)	1 (3.4)	> 0.999
Unknown	0	1
Surgical site infection	3 (10.7)	4 (13.3)	> 0.999
Nosocomial infection	1 (3.6)	3 (10.0)	0.612