Role of vitamin D in the management of chronic pain after gastrointestinal surgery

Table 1 Chronic postsurgical pain following gastrointestinal surgery[2,4,65-70]

GI surgery	Finding	Related factors	Ref.
Hernia repair surgery	Laparo-endoscopic hernia surgery leads to a lower incidence of chronic inguinal pain compared to Lichtenstein repair	Surgical injury (tissue injury, nerve damage)	Lillo-Albert et al[65]
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass	A substantial proportion of patients experienced chronic abdominal pain and symptoms 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass	Gastrointestinal dysfunction	Høgestøl et al[4]; Blom-Høgestøl et al[66]
Lower gastrointestinal tract surgery	In one study following 198 patients after for adhesive small bowel obstruction, 40% of patients developed chronic abdominal pain	Surgical injury; Inflammation	ten Broek et al[67]
Colorectal surgery	CPSP was reported by 32.1% of patients at 3 months and 21.8% at 6 months after colorectal surgery	Surgical injury	Jin et al[2]
Total pancreactectomy	Symptoms of chronic gastrointestinal dysmotility and chronic abdominal pain are common post-surgery	Gastrointestinal dysfunction	John et al[68]
Gastrointestinal laparotomy	The prevalence of chronic pain four years after surgery was 18%, with pain predominantly of a neuropathic nature	Surgical injury (nerve damage)	Bruce and Krukowski[69]
Bariatric surgery	Chronic abdominal pain was the most prevalent complication to bariatric surgery	Surgical injury; Gastrointestinal dysfunction	Simoni et al[70]

GI: Gastrointestinal; CPSP: Chronic postsurgical pain.