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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Apr 27, 2025; 17(4): 104884
Published online Apr 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i4.104884
Published online Apr 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i4.104884
Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients stratified by survival status, n (%)
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 848) | Survivors (n = 704) | Non-survivors (n = 144) | P value |
| Age (year) | 53.00 (45.00-61.00) | 52.00 (45.00-61.00) | 55.00 (46.00-63.00) | 0.094 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 590 (69.58) | 492 (69.89) | 98 (68.06) | 0.664 |
| Female | 258 (30.42) | 212 (30.11) | 46 (31.94) | - |
| Pre-TIPS Child Pugh class | ||||
| A | 417 (49.17) | 349 (49.57) | 68 (47.22) | 0.391 |
| B | 372 (43.87) | 303 (43.04) | 69 (47.92) | - |
| C | 59 (6.96) | 52 (7.39) | 7 (4.86) | - |
| Etiology | ||||
| Alcohol | 97 (11.44) | 75 (10.65) | 22 (15.28) | 0.488 |
| Autoimmune liver disease | 46 (5.42) | 40 (5.68) | 6 (4.17) | - |
| Cryptogenic | 252 (29.72) | 207 (29.40) | 45 (31.25) | - |
| Drug-induced liver injury | 18 (2.12) | 16 (2.27) | 2 (1.39) | - |
| Hepatitis B virus | 391 (46.11) | 331 (47.02) | 60 (41.67) | - |
| Hepatitis C virus | 44 (5.19) | 35 (4.97) | 9 (6.25) | - |
| Pre-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg) | 33.04 (29.00-37.55) | 33.00 (29.00-37.00) | 35.00 (31.00-38.48) | 0.005b |
| Post-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg) | 22.00 (18.00-26.00) | 22.00 (18.00-26.00) | 21.00 (17.00-25.13) | 0.157 |
| Pre-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 0.861 |
| Post-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg) | 9.00 (8.00-12.00) | 9.00 (8.00-11.00) | 10.00 (7.00-12.00) | 0.523 |
| Pre-TIPS portal pressure gradient (mmHg) | 25.47 (21.03-29.79) | 25.00 (21.00-29.05) | 26.90 (23.00-30.43) | 0.008b |
| Post-TIPS porta pressure gradient (mmHg) | 11.72 (8.00-15.78) | 12.00 (8.00-15.78) | 11.00 (6.71-15.53) | 0.096 |
| Portal vein diameter (mm) | 12.00 (10.20-15.82) | 13.00 (11.00-16.00) | 10.95 (8.93-13.00) | < 0.001b |
| Right hepatic vein wedge pressure (mmHg) | 27.00 (21.00-32.00) | 27.00 (21.00-32.00) | 27.00 (23.28-35.00) | 0.039a |
| Right hepatic vein free pressure (mmHg) | 10.75 (9.00-12.00) | 10.75 (8.26-12.00) | 10.75 (9.74-12.00) | 0.426 |
| Pre-TIPS right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 6.13 (5.00-6.13) | 6.13 (5.00-6.13) | 6.13 (5.00-6.13) | 0.398 |
| Pre-TIPS Child-Pugh score | 7.00 (6.00-8.00) | 7.00 (6.00-8.00) | 7.00 (6.00-8.00) | 0.756 |
| Pre-TIPS MELD score | 59.96 (56.61-63.00) | 59.98 (56.57-62.94) | 59.80 (56.97-63.96) | 0.472 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 22.65 (15.90-34.80) | 22.70 (16.07-34.50) | 22.50 (15.70-35.47) | 0.841 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 9.90 (6.70-15.93) | 10.00 (6.70-15.70) | 9.60 (6.30-17.53) | 0.899 |
| Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) | 12.80 (8.98-19.62) | 12.85 (8.98-19.70) | 12.60 (9.12-18.58) | 0.747 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 62.00 (52.00-74.00) | 60.50 (51.00-72.00) | 70.00 (60.00-87.00) | < 0.001b |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 20.00 (14.00-29.00) | 19.00 (14.00-28.00) | 21.00 (15.00-30.00) | 0.326 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 28.00 (21.00-38.00) | 27.00 (21.00-37.00) | 29.50 (21.00-43.00) | 0.107 |
| Kalium (mmol/L) | 3.94 (3.62-4.22) | 3.96 (3.68-4.23) | 3.79 (3.28-4.07) | < 0.001b |
| Natrium (mmol/L) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 0.844 |
| Chlorine (mmol/L) | 107.00 (104.00-109.00) | 107.00 (104.00-109.00) | 107.00 (105.00-109.25) | 0.356 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 88.00 (66.00-123.00) | 87.00 (66.00-122.00) | 89.00 (68.75-129.25) | 0.343 |
| Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 38.00 (20.00-73.00) | 39.00 (20.00-71.00) | 34.50 (18.75-89.25) | 0.875 |
| Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.91 (3.99-6.41) | 4.88 (3.96-6.38) | 5.07 (4.13-6.48) | 0.369 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 66.10 (61.71-70.40) | 66.10 (61.79-70.52) | 66.00 (61.40-70.00) | 0.885 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 35.73 (32.10-39.12) | 35.73 (32.10-39.22) | 35.75 (32.42-38.75) | 0.862 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.27 (1.15-1.44) | 1.28 (1.16-1.43) | 1.25 (1.14-1.45) | 0.467 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (second) | 33.40 (31.00-36.83) | 33.35 (30.97-36.80) | 33.75 (31.27-37.20) | 0.463 |
| Prothrombin time (second) | 14.00 (12.70-15.72) | 14.20 (12.70-15.70) | 13.80 (12.57-15.85) | 0.497 |
| Prothrombin time activity (%) | 66.00 (56.00-77.00) | 66.00 (57.00-77.00) | 69.00 (55.00-76.25) | 0.913 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 1.99 (1.57-2.50) | 2.00 (1.57-2.46) | 1.88 (1.55-2.62) | 0.904 |
| Blood ammonia (μmol/L) | 42.64 (32.40-59.50) | 42.80 (32.50-58.92) | 41.35 (31.95-60.73) | 0.755 |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 2.83 (1.90-4.19) | 2.78 (1.90-4.11) | 3.18 (1.89-4.46) | 0.188 |
| Hemoglobin (× 1012/L) | 86.50 (74.00-104.00) | 87.00 (74.00-103.25) | 85.00 (75.00-107.25) | 0.884 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L) | 76.00 (50.00-121.00) | 77.00 (50.00-121.25) | 74.50 (54.00-115.25) | 0.888 |
| Alpha fetoprotein (ng/mL) | 220.56 (2.85-423.31) | 14.85 (2.52-365.37) | 536.56 (365.37-1290.49) | < 0.001b |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (ng/mL) | 2.44 (1.62-3.61) | 2.42 (1.62-3.58) | 2.48 (1.60-3.92) | 0.711 |
| Carbohydrate antigen 125 (U/mL) | 125.24 (36.20-233.29) | 120.40 (35.90-222.78) | 151.99 (39.64-281.48) | 0.109 |
| Cancer antigen 15-3 (U/mL) | 10.30 (7.50-14.20) | 10.30 (7.50-14.20) | 10.50 (7.47-14.12) | 0.889 |
| Glycosylated chain antigen CA199 (U/mL) | 10.94 (4.43-15.26) | 10.57 (4.28-15.26) | 12.46 (4.69-15.26) | 0.265 |
Table 2 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in the training set stratified by survival status, n (%)
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 593) | Survivors (n = 492) | Non-survivors (n = 101) | P value |
| Age (year) | 53.00 (46.00-61.00) | 53.00 (46.00-60.00) | 56.00 (48.00-63.00) | 0.109 |
| Sex | - | - | - | 0.459 |
| Male | 406 (68.47) | 340 (69.11) | 66 (65.35) | - |
| Female | 187 (31.53) | 152 (30.89) | 35 (34.65) | - |
| Pre-TIPS Child-Turcotte-Pugh class | - | - | - | 0.35 |
| A | 292 (49.24) | 243 (49.39) | 49 (48.51) | - |
| B | 259 (43.68) | 211 (42.89) | 48 (47.52) | - |
| C | 42 (7.08) | 38 (7.72) | 4 (3.96) | - |
| Etiology | - | - | - | 0.818 |
| Alcohol | 61 (10.29) | 48 (9.76) | 13 (12.87) | - |
| Autoimmune liver disease | 37 (6.24) | 31 (6.30) | 6 (5.94) | - |
| Cryptogenic | 180 (30.35) | 146 (29.67) | 34 (33.66) | - |
| Drug-induced liver injury | 15 (2.53) | 13 (2.64) | 2 (1.98) | - |
| Hepatitis B virus | 267 (45.03) | 227 (46.14) | 40 (39.60) | - |
| Hepatitis C virus | 33 (5.56) | 27 (5.49) | 6 (5.94) | - |
| Pre-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg) | 33.80 (29.29-37.55) | 33.02 (29.00-37.00) | 34.17 (31.00-37.55) | 0.057 |
| Post-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg) | 21.87(15.96-27.78) | 21.98 (16.05-27.91) | 21.32 (15.54-27.10) | 0.305 |
| Pre-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 7.00 (5.00-10.00) | 0.482 |
| Post-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg) | 9.00 (8.00-11.00) | 9.00 (8.00-11.00) | 9.00 (7.00-12.00) | 0.733 |
| Pre-TIPS portal pressure gradient (mmHg) | 25.30 (21.00-30.00) | 25.00 (21.00-30.00) | 26.80 (23.00-30.00) | 0.031a |
| Post-TIPS porta pressure gradient (mmHg) | 11.90 (8.00-15.91) | 12.00 (8.00-15.81) | 11.00 (7.00-16.00) | 0.336 |
| Portal vein diameter (mm) | 12.00 (10.30-15.80) | 13.00 (11.00-16.00) | 11.00 (9.00-14.00) | < 0.001b |
| Right hepatic vein wedge pressure (mmHg) | 27.00 (21.00-32.00) | 27.00 (21.00-32.00) | 27.00 (22.00-32.29) | 0.179 |
| Right hepatic vein free pressure (mmHg) | 10.75 (9.00-12.00) | 10.75 (9.00-12.00) | 10.75 (10.00-12.00) | 0.543 |
| Pre-TIPS right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 6.13 (5.00-6.13) | 6.13 (5.00-6.13) | 6.13 (5.00-6.13) | 0.98 |
| Pre-TIPS Child-Turcotte-Pugh score | 7.00 (5.00-8.00) | 7.00 (5.00-8.00) | 7.00 (6.00-8.00) | 0.888 |
| Pre-TIPS MELD score | 60.10 (56.68-63.25) | 60.07 (56.55-63.15) | 60.27 (57.39-63.35) | 0.754 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 22.70 (16.00-35.20) | 22.70 (15.88-35.53) | 22.90 (16.05-33.90) | 0.953 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 9.80 (6.50-16.30) | 9.85 (6.57-16.45) | 9.30 (6.30-15.60) | 0.62 |
| Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) | 13.20 (9.00-19.40) | 13.30 (8.82-19.70) | 12.80 (9.67-17.60) | 0.915 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 62.00 (52.00-74.00) | 61.00 (51.00-72.00) | 69.00 (59.00-87.00) | < 0.001b |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 19.00 (14.00-27.69) | 19.00 (14.00-27.00) | 20.00 (15.00-30.00) | 0.598 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 28.00 (21.00-37.00) | 27.50 (21.00-37.00) | 29.00 (21.00-39.99) | 0.253 |
| Kalium (mmol/L) | 3.94 (3.61-4.24) | 3.97 (3.68-4.25) | 3.77 (3.22-4.08) | < 0.001b |
| Natrium (mmol/L) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 140.00 (139.00-142.00) | 0.979 |
| Chlorine (mmol/L) | 107.00 (104.00-109.00) | 107.00 (104.00-109.00) | 107.00 (105.00-109.00) | 0.761 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 86.00 (66.00-121.00) | 85.00 (66.00-121.00) | 88.00 (69.00-119.00) | 0.587 |
| Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 37.00 (20.00-71.00) | 38.00 (20.75-71.00) | 35.00 (18.00-81.00) | 0.526 |
| Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.97 (4.04-6.44) | 4.94 (4.02-6.44) | 5.09 (4.16-6.39) | 0.674 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 66.03 (61.30-70.00) | 66.09 (61.30-70.30) | 65.75 (61.27-69.50) | 0.863 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 35.80 (32.30-39.30) | 35.75 (32.10-39.30) | 36.20 (33.40-39.80) | 0.285 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.27 (1.15-1.42) | 1.27 (1.15-1.41) | 1.26 (1.14-1.44) | 0.727 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (second) | 33.50 (30.90-37.10) | 33.50 (30.90-37.10) | 33.50 (31.00-37.20) | 0.939 |
| Prothrombin time (second) | 13.90 (12.70-15.50) | 13.90 (12.70-15.52) | 13.90 (12.50-15.50) | 0.794 |
| Prothrombin time activity (%) | 67.00 (57.00-77.00) | 67.00 (57.00-77.00) | 69.00 (56.00-76.00) | 0.943 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 1.98 (1.56-2.48) | 2.00 (1.57-2.45) | 1.82 (1.55-2.60) | 0.639 |
| Blood ammonia (μmol/L) | 42.30 (32.20-58.65) | 42.55 (32.68-58.00) | 39.40 (30.00-59.10) | 0.264 |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 2.88 (1.90-4.14) | 2.83 (1.92-4.10) | 3.19 (1.84-4.38) | 0.608 |
| Hemoglobin (× 1012/L) | 87.00 (74.00-104.00) | 86.50 (74.00-103.00) | 87.00 (76.00-111.00) | 0.181 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L) | 76.00 (50.00-116.00) | 77.00 (49.75-117.25) | 75.00 (51.00-108.00) | 0.927 |
| Alpha fetoprotein (ng/mL) | 233.19 (2.88-413.82) | 23.04 (2.57-365.37) | 575.44 (365.37-1328.95) | < 0.001b |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (ng/mL) | 2.40 (1.63-3.54) | 2.40 (1.63-3.54) | 2.46 (1.57-3.59) | 0.829 |
| Carbohydrate antigen 125 (U/mL) | 137.25 (40.10-242.69) | 136.20 (40.05-232.68) | 145.69 (40.20-284.55) | 0.513 |
| Cancer antigen 15-3 (U/mL) | 10.30 (7.50-14.10) | 10.30 (7.50-14.10) | 9.90 (7.40-13.90) | 0.71 |
| Glycosylated chain antigen CA199 (U/mL) | 11.47 (4.81-15.26) | 11.71 (4.83-15.26) | 9.50 (4.70-15.26) | 0.913 |
Table 3 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in the validation set stratified by survival status, n (%)
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 255) | Survivors (n = 212) | Non-survivors (n = 43) | P value |
| Age (year) | 51.00(64.44-37.56) | 50.68(37.02-64.34) | 52.58(40.25-64.91) | 0.4 |
| Sex | - | - | - | 0.717 |
| Male | 184 (72.16) | 152 (71.70) | 32 (74.42) | - |
| Female | 71 (27.84) | 60 (28.30) | 11 (25.58) | - |
| Pre-TIPS Child-Turcotte-Pugh class | - | - | - | 0.782 |
| A | 125 (49.02) | 106 (50.00) | 19 (44.19) | - |
| B | 113 (44.31) | 92 (43.40) | 21 (48.84) | - |
| C | 17 (6.67) | 14 (6.60) | 3 (6.98) | - |
| Etiology | - | - | - | 0.397 |
| Alcohol | 36 (14.12) | 27 (12.74) | 9 (20.93) | - |
| Autoimmune liver disease | 9 (3.53) | 9 (4.25) | 0 (0.00) | - |
| Cryptogenic | 72 (28.24) | 61 (28.77) | 11 (25.58) | - |
| Drug-induced liver injury | 3 (1.18) | 3 (1.42) | 0 (0.00) | - |
| Hepatitis B virus | 124 (48.63) | 104 (49.06) | 20 (46.51) | - |
| Hepatitis C virus | 11 (4.31) | 8 (3.77) | 3 (6.98) | - |
| Pre-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg) | 33.04 (29.00-38.00) | 33.00 (28.88-37.00) | 36.00 (30.52-39.40) | 0.034a |
| Post-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg) | 21.83 (15.27-28.39) | 21.93(15.54-28.32) | 21.31(13.90-28.72) | 0.57 |
| Pre-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 9.00 (6.00-10.00) | 0.156 |
| Post-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg) | 10.00 (8.00-12.00) | 9.00 (7.00-11.25) | 11.00 (8.00-13.26) | 0.087 |
| Pre-TIPS portal pressure gradient (mmHg) | 26.00 (21.66-29.00) | 25.00 (21.23-29.00) | 27.05 (23.00-31.00) | 0.097 |
| Post-TIPS porta pressure gradient (mmHg) | 11.02 (7.00-15.53) | 11.65 (7.88-15.60) | 10.78 (5.00-15.00) | 0.108 |
| Portal vein diameter (mm) | 12.70 (10.20-15.85) | 13.00 (11.00-16.07) | 10.20 (8.61-12.20) | < 0.001b |
| Right hepatic vein wedge pressure (mmHg) | 27.00 (23.00-31.77) | 27.00 (22.00-31.00) | 27.00 (26.00-35.15) | 0.086 |
| Right hepatic vein free pressure (mmHg) | 10.75 (8.00-12.00) | 10.75 (8.00-12.00) | 10.75 (9.00-13.00) | 0.571 |
| Pre-TIPS right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 6.13 (4.25-7.00) | 6.13 (4.00-6.82) | 6.13 (6.00-8.00) | 0.133 |
| Pre-TIPS Child-Turcotte-Pugh score | 7.00 (6.00-8.00) | 6.50 (6.00-8.00) | 7.00 (6.00-8.00) | 0.419 |
| Pre-TIPS MELD score | 59.59 (56.59-62.66) | 59.63 (56.60-62.49) | 58.73 (56.61-64.72) | 0.452 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 22.10 (15.90-34.30) | 22.30 (16.40-32.92) | 21.80 (14.85-38.40) | 0.813 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 10.50 (6.95-15.30) | 10.45 (7.20-14.68) | 11.30 (6.25-18.50) | 0.574 |
| Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) | 12.20 (8.95-19.82) | 12.25 (9.28-19.65) | 11.70 (7.46-20.25) | 0.599 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 62.00 (51.50-73.00) | 60.00 (50.00-70.00) | 72.00 (63.50-86.50) | < 0.001b |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 21.00 (13.50-29.00) | 19.50 (13.00-29.00) | 21.00 (15.00-31.00) | 0.371 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 27.00 (21.00-41.50) | 27.00 (21.00-39.00) | 30.00 (22.00-46.50) | 0.244 |
| Kalium (mmol/L) | 3.91(3.45-4.37) | 3.94(3.50-4.38) | 3.77 (3.27-4.27) | 0.022a |
| Natrium (mmol/L) | 140.00(138.00-142.00) | 140.00(138.00-142.00) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 0.681 |
| Chlorine (mmol/L) | 107.00(104.00-109.00) | 107.00(104.00-109.00) | 107.00 (103.00-111.00) | 0.252 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 90.00 (67.00-136.50) | 90.00(66.75-127.39) | 94.00 (68.50-164.63) | 0.35 |
| Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 41.00 (19.00-78.50) | 41.00 (18.00-74.00) | 34.00 (25.00-108.00) | 0.225 |
| Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.78 (3.90-6.29) | 4.79 (3.88-6.22) | 4.74 (4.06-7.54) | 0.352 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 66.47 (62.41-71.65) | 66.33 (62.48-71.50) | 66.51 (61.85-72.45) | 0.964 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 35.51(30.44-40.58) | 35.87 (30.92-40.82) | 33.74 (28.44-39.04) | 0.012a |
| International normalized Ratio | 1.30 (1.16-1.44) | 1.31 (1.17-1.44) | 1.24 (1.14-1.52) | 0.505 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (s) | 33.20 (31.20-36.00) | 33.10 (31.08-35.70) | 34.70 (31.40-37.20) | 0.125 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 14.40 (12.80-16.00) | 14.40 (12.97-16.00) | 13.70 (12.60-16.70) | 0.472 |
| Prothrombin time activity (%) | 65.39 (49.85-80.93) | 65.45 (50.32-80.58) | 65.05 (47.44-82.66) | 0.876 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 2.01 (1.62-2.54) | 2.01 (1.61-2.53) | 2.22 (1.69-2.79) | 0.343 |
| Blood ammonia (μmol/L) | 43.40 (32.95-62.85) | 43.25 (32.00-60.83) | 44.30 (35.20-64.60) | 0.264 |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 2.72 (1.86-4.23) | 2.69 (1.82-4.16) | 3.02 (2.23-4.79) | 0.084 |
| Hemoglobin (× 1012/L) | 86.00 (75.00-104.00) | 88.00 (75.75-106.25) | 81.00 (71.00-95.50) | 0.069 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L) | 76.00 (52.00-123.50) | 79.50 (51.00-124.25) | 73.00 (59.00-123.50) | 0.897 |
| Alpha fetoprotein (ng/mL) | 156.85 (2.66-428.81) | 7.46 (2.38-365.37) | 408.14 (307.14-1191.07) | < 0.001b |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (ng/mL) | 2.64 (1.60-3.75) | 2.65 (1.56-3.66) | 2.63 (1.77-4.48) | 0.716 |
| Carbohydrate antigen 125 (U/mL) | 100.70 (33.20-204.23) | 91.51 (30.60-178.03) | 166.87 (41.43-270.85) | 0.049a |
| Cancer antigen 15-3 (U/mL) | 10.40 (7.10-14.65) | 10.25 (7.00-14.62) | 10.80 (7.95-14.85) | 0.829 |
| Glycosylated chain antigen CA199 (U/mL) | 9.26 (4.07-15.26) | 9.01 (4.01-15.26) | 15.26 (5.02-15.26) | 0.068 |
Table 4 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the training and validation cohorts, n (%)
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 848) | Training cohort (n = 593) | Validation cohort (n = 255) | P value |
| Age (year) | 53.00 (45.00-61.00) | 53.00 (46.00-61.00) | 51.00 (42.00-62.00) | 0.078 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 590 (69.58) | 406 (68.47) | 184 (72.16) | 0.284 |
| Female | 258 (30.42) | 187 (31.53) | 71 (27.84) | - |
| Pre-TIPS Child Pugh class | ||||
| A | 417 (49.17) | 292 (49.24) | 125 (49.02) | 0.969 |
| B | 372 (43.87) | 259 (43.68) | 113 (44.31) | - |
| C | 59 (6.96) | 42 (7.08) | 17 (6.67) | - |
| Etiology | ||||
| Alcohol | 97 (11.44) | 61 (10.29) | 36 (14.12) | 0.183 |
| Autoimmune liver disease | 46 (5.42) | 37 (6.24) | 9 (3.53) | - |
| Cryptogenic | 252 (29.72) | 180 (30.35) | 72 (28.24) | - |
| Drug-induced liver injury | 18 (2.12) | 15 (2.53) | 3 (1.18) | - |
| Hepatitis B virus | 391 (46.11) | 267 (45.03) | 124 (48.63) | - |
| Hepatitis C virus | 44 (5.19) | 33 (5.56) | 11 (4.31) | - |
| Pre-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg) | 33.04 (29.00-37.55) | 33.80 (29.29-37.55) | 33.04 (29.00-38.00) | 0.632 |
| Post-TIPS portal venous pressure (mmHg) | 22.00 (18.00-26.00) | 22.00 (18.00-26.00) | 22.00 (17.27-26.00) | 0.774 |
| Pre-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 8.00 (6.00-10.00) | 0.998 |
| Post-TIPS inferior vena cava pressure (mmHg) | 9.00 (8.00-12.00) | 9.00 (8.00-11.00) | 10.00 (8.00-12.00) | 0.212 |
| Pre-TIPS portal pressure gradient (mmHg) | 25.47 (21.03-29.79) | 25.30 (21.00-30.00) | 26.00 (21.66-29.00) | 0.991 |
| Post-TIPS porta pressure gradient (mmHg) | 11.72 (8.00-15.78) | 11.90 (8.00-15.91) | 11.02 (7.00-15.53) | 0.311 |
| Portal vein diameter (mm) | 12.00 (10.20-15.82) | 12.00 (10.30-15.80) | 12.70 (10.20-15.85) | 0.683 |
| Right hepatic vein wedge pressure (mmHg) | 27.00 (21.00-32.00) | 27.00 (21.00-32.00) | 27.00 (23.00-31.77) | 0.637 |
| Right hepatic vein free pressure (mmHg) | 10.75 (9.00-12.00) | 10.75 (9.00-12.00) | 10.75 (8.00-12.00) | 0.706 |
| Pre-TIPS right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 6.13 (5.00-6.13) | 6.13 (5.00-6.13) | 6.13 (4.25-7.00) | 0.911 |
| Pre-TIPS Child-Pugh score | 7.00 (6.00-8.00) | 7.00 (5.00-8.00) | 7.00 (6.00-8.00) | 0.600 |
| Pre-TIPS MELD score | 59.96 (56.61-63.00) | 60.10 (56.68-63.25) | 59.59 (56.59-62.66) | 0.376 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 22.65 (15.90-34.80) | 22.70 (16.00-35.20) | 22.10 (15.90-34.30) | 0.882 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 9.90 (6.70-15.93) | 9.80 (6.50-16.30) | 10.50 (6.95-15.30) | 0.424 |
| Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) | 12.80 (8.98-19.62) | 13.20 (9.00-19.40) | 12.20 (8.95-19.82) | 0.371 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 62.00 (52.00-74.00) | 62.00 (52.00-74.00) | 62.00 (51.50-73.00) | 0.643 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 20.00 (14.00-29.00) | 19.00 (14.00-27.69) | 21.00 (13.50-29.00) | 0.622 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 28.00 (21.00-38.00) | 28.00 (21.00-37.00) | 27.00 (21.00-41.50) | 0.898 |
| Kalium (mmol/L) | 3.94 (3.62-4.22) | 3.94 (3.61-4.24) | 3.93 (3.63-4.16) | 0.585 |
| Natrium (mmol/L) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 140.00 (138.00-142.00) | 0.983 |
| Chlorine (mmol/L) | 107.00 (104.00-109.00) | 107.00 (104.00-109.00) | 107.00 (104.00-109.00) | 0.975 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 88.00 (66.00-123.00) | 86.00 (66.00-121.00) | 90.00 (67.00-136.50) | 0.188 |
| Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 38.00 (20.00-73.00) | 37.00 (20.00-71.00) | 41.00 (19.00-78.50) | 0.533 |
| Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.91 (3.99-6.41) | 4.97 (4.04-6.44) | 4.78 (3.90-6.29) | 0.326 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 66.10 (61.71-70.40) | 66.03 (61.30-70.00) | 66.47 (62.41-71.65) | 0.121 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 35.73 (32.10-39.12) | 35.80 (32.30-39.30) | 35.50 (32.00-38.80) | 0.297 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.27 (1.15-1.44) | 1.27 (1.15-1.42) | 1.30 (1.16-1.44) | 0.280 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (s) | 33.40 (31.00-36.83) | 33.50 (30.90-37.10) | 33.20 (31.20-36.00) | 0.554 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 14.00 (12.70-15.72) | 13.90 (12.70-15.50) | 14.40 (12.80-16.00) | 0.146 |
| Prothrombin time activity (%) | 66.00 (56.00-77.00) | 67.00 (57.00-77.00) | 65.00 (56.00-76.00) | 0.334 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 1.99 (1.57-2.50) | 1.98 (1.56-2.48) | 2.01 (1.62-2.54) | 0.396 |
| Blood ammonia (μmol/L) | 42.64 (32.40-59.50) | 42.30 (32.20-58.65) | 43.40 (32.95-62.85) | 0.360 |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 2.83 (1.90-4.19) | 2.88 (1.90-4.14) | 2.72 (1.86-4.23) | 0.698 |
| Hemoglobin (× 1012/L) | 86.50 (74.00-104.00) | 87.00 (74.00-104.00) | 86.00 (75.00-104.00) | 0.385 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L) | 76.00 (50.00-121.00) | 76.00 (50.00-116.00) | 76.00 (52.00-123.50) | 0.287 |
| Alpha fetoprotein (ng/mL) | 220.56 (2.85-423.31) | 233.19 (2.88-413.82) | 156.85 (2.66-428.81) | 0.465 |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (ng/mL) | 2.44 (1.62-3.61) | 2.40 (1.63-3.54) | 2.64 (1.60-3.75) | 0.378 |
| Carbohydrate antigen 125 (U/mL) | 125.24 (36.20-233.29) | 137.25 (40.10-242.69) | 100.70 (33.20-204.23) | 0.057 |
| Cancer antigen 15-3 (U/mL) | 10.30 (7.50-14.20) | 10.30 (7.50-14.10) | 10.40 (7.10-14.65) | 0.604 |
| Glycosylated chain antigen CA199 (U/mL) | 10.94 (4.43-15.26) | 11.47 (4.81-15.26) | 9.26 (4.07-15.26) | 0.179 |
Table 5 Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses of factors associated with mortality
| Characteristics | Univariate analyses | Multivariate analyses | ||||
| HR | 95%CI | P value | HR | 95%CI | P value | |
| Potassium | 0.011 | 0.003-0.047 | < 0.001a | 0.030 | 0.007-0.122 | < 0.001c |
| Creatinine | 5.171 | 2.845-9.399 | < 0.001a | 1.947 | 1.114-3.404 | 0.019b |
| Alpha-fetoprotein | 1.518 | 1.354-1.703 | < 0.001a | 1.455 | 1.298-1.631 | < 0.001c |
| Portal vein diameter | 0.078 | 0.035-0.172 | < 0.001a | 0.195 | 0.092-0.413 | < 0.001c |
- Citation: Wang ZB, Zhu B, Meng MM, Wu YF, Zhang Y, Li DZ, Tian H, Wang FC, Lv YF, Ye QX, Liu FQ. Nomogram for predicting survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in portal hypertension patients with bleeding. World J Gastrointest Surg 2025; 17(4): 104884
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v17/i4/104884.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v17.i4.104884