Endoscopic hemostasis combined with vascular interventional therapy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Country	Study type1	Participants	Male	Median age	Vascular intervention	Follow-up	Outcome2
McGraw et al[8], 2023	Pennsylvania	C	269	-	-	TAE	6 years	(3), (4)
Lau et al[9], 2019	Thailand	C	241	-	-	AE	30 days	(4), (5)
Nykänen et al[10], 2017	Finland	B	85			TAE	30 days	(3), (4), (6)
Manta et al[11], 2013	Italy	A	30	-	-	OTSC	1-month	(3), (5)
Aina et al[12], 2001	Canada	A	132	-	63	AE	30 days	(2)
Arrayeh et al[13], 2012	United States	B	115	46	61	AE	30 days	(1)
Defreyne et al[14], 2001	Belgium	A	91			AE	-	(1)
Dixon et al[15], 2013	United Kingdom	B	40	32	71	AE	-	(1)
Holme et al[16], 2006	Denmark	A	40	21	70	AE	-	(3), (4)
Kaminskis et al[17], 2019	Latvia	B	738	222	69	AE	-	(3), (4), (5)
Laursen et al[18], 2014	Denmark	C	105	-	-	STAE	30 days	(3)
Muhammad et al[19], 2019	Pakistan	A	32	0.687	56	TAE	30 days	(2), (4)
Padia et al[20], 2009	United States	A	108	66	66	Transcatheter embolization	30 days	(2), (4), (5)
Poultsides et al[21], 2008	United States	A	57	38	65	Embolization procedures	-	(2), (5), (6)
Song et al[22], 2011	Korea	A	16	11	59	TAE	4 weeks	(2), (3), (4), (5)
Spiliopoulos et al[23], 2018	Italy	A	44	44	74	TAE	3.5 years	(3), (4), (6)
Ephraim et al[24], 2022	United States	A	74	-	-	TAE	30 days	(2), (3), (4)
Ang et al[25], 2012	Singapore	B	93	64	67	TAE	30 days	(1), (4), (6)
Lee et al[26], 2015	Korea	A	66	42	60	TAE or AE	30 days	(3), (4)
Huang et al[27], 2014	Taiwan, China	A	49	31	67	TAE	30 days	(2), (3), (4), (5), (6)
Hur et al[28], 2017	Korea	A	152	109	66	AE	1-month	(2), (4), (6)

¹A: Single-group intervention study; B: Retrospective cohort study; C: Randomized controlled trial.

²(1) Successful initial hemostasis; (2) Clinical success; (3) Rebleeding; (4) Mortality; (5) Reinterventions; and (6) Complications. TAE: Transarterial embolization; OTSC: Over-the-scope clip; STAE: Supplementary transcatheter arterial embolization; AE: Angiographic embolization.

Table 2 Quality assessment results

Ref.	Study type1	Cochrane	CASP
			Representativeness of the sample	Clarity of intervention description	Objectivity of outcome measures	Completeness of follow-up	Control of confounding bias
McGraw et al[8], 2023	C	8	-	-	-	-	-
Lau et al[9], 2019	C	7	-	-	-	-	-
Nykänen et al[10], 2017	B	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good
Manta et al[11], 2013	A	-	Average	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average
Aina et al[12], 2001	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average
Arrayeh et al[13], 2012	B	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average
Defreyne et al[14], 2001	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average	Average
Dixon et al[15], 2013	B	-	Average	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average	Fairly good
Holme et al[16], 2006	A	-	Average	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average	Average
Kaminskis et al[17], 2019	B	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average	Fairly good
Laursen et al[18], 2014	C	8	-	-	-	Fairly good	-
Muhammad et al[19], 2019	A	-	Average	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average
Padia et al[20], 2009	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average
Poultsides et al[21], 2008	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average	Fairly good
Song et al[22], 2011	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good
Spiliopoulos et al[23], 2018	A	-	Average	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average
Ephraim et al[24], 2022	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good
Ang et al[25], 2012	B	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Average
Lee et al[26], 2015	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good
Huang et al[27], 2014	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good
Hur et al[28], 2017	A	-	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good	Fairly good

¹A: Single-group intervention study; B: Retrospective cohort study; C: Randomized controlled trial.

CASP: Critical appraisal skills program.