Anal sphincter reconstruction for fecal incontinence: Techniques, outcomes, and future directions

Table 1 Results for overlapping sphincteroplasty

Ref.	Number of patients	Mean age (years)	Mean follow-up period (years)	Positive outcome (%)
Sørensen and Qvist[45], 2025	55	45	0.5	71
Seyfried et al[5], 2018	148		1.0	73
Kayapınar et al[46], 2022	16	27.5	1.9	81
Berg et al[47], 2019	111	43	3.7	54
Carswell et al[48], 2023	107		4.8	69
Berkesoglu et al[49], 2021	50	44.6	5.2	64
Maldonado et al[50], 2019	29	41	7.0	53
Barbosa et al[6], 2019	370	33.7	18.3	46
Haug et al[51], 2021	20	36	0.4/8.5/18.3	75/65/45
Pla-Martí et al[52], 2020	35	55	2.5/9.2	71/40