Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Dec 27, 2021; 13(12): 1754-1769
Published online Dec 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1754
Table 1 Characteristics of the studies and participants
Ref.
Country
Study type
Number of participants
Age (yr)
Gender (male/female)
Kontovounisios et al[10], 2019United KingdomFeasibility 10No data5/5
Hamabe et al[11], 2017JapanFeasibility2 No data1/1
Sahnan et al[12], 2018United KingdomFeasibility2No data2/0
Przedlacka et al[13], 2020United KingdomFeasibility30No dataNo data
Garcia-Granero et al[14], 2020Spain/ItalyFeasibility2No data2/0
Garcia-Granero et al[15], 2020Spain/ItalyFeasibility2No data1/1
Sueda et al[16], 2019JapanCase report1830/1
Chen et al[17], 2020ChinaCase report1681/0
Kim et al[18], 2020South KoreaProspective observational10Median 60; range (40-80)8/2
Hojo et al[19], 2020JapanRetrospective Qualitative30 No dataNo data
Horie et al[20], 2018JapanRetrospective 10Median 62; range (43-77)8/2
Hojo et al[21], 2020JapanRetrospective 11Rectal cancer: 5Median 67; range (56-79)6/5
Nijkamp et al[22], 2018The NetherlandsFeasibility33Rectal cancer: 8No dataNo data
Hassinger et al[23], 2020United StatesPilot study10 No dataNo data
Hojo et al[24], 2019JapanSingle-centre randomised controlled 102 No data
Brannigan et al[25], 2006BelgiumFeasibility6Mean 66.5; range (54-81)3/3
Table 2 Application of the three-dimensional modelling technology
Ref.
Pathology
Surgical procedure
Application
Main findings
Kontovounisios et al[10]Normal pelvisNANAFeasibility of construction of virtual 3D models of pelvis
Hamabe et al[11]Normal pelvisRectal cancerNANAFeasibility of construction of 3D printed models of pelvis and rectal cancer
Sahnan et al[12]Low rectal cancerUlcerative colitisTaTMENA Feasibility of application of 3D models in surgical planning of TaTME
Przedlacka et al[13]Rectal cancer T1-T4NAPreoperative planningFeasibility of construction of virtual 3D models of T stages of rectal cancer
Garcia-Granero et al[14]Locally advanced rectal cancerTME with en block prostatectomyTotal pelvic exenterationPreoperative planning Feasibility of application of a mathematical method to generate 3D models and assess prostate invasion in men with rectal cancer
Garcia-Granero et al[15]Locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal cancerBeyond TMEPreoperative planningFeasibility of application of a mathematical method to generate 3D models and assess CRM status
Sueda et al[16]Upper rectal cancerLaparoscopic anterior resectionPreoperative planningIdentification of Retzius venous short circuit prior to laparoscopic anterior resection
Chen et al[17]Rectal cancer (T3N2Mx) Laparoscopic-assisted radical resection of rectumPreoperative planningPreoperative recognition of situs inversus
Kim et al[18]Rectal cancer with metastatic LPNsTME with LPLNDPreoperative planning and navigationIndex LPNs among ICG-bearing lymph nodes can be identified intraoperatively by matching 3D models
Hojo et al[19]Rectal cancer with metastatic LPNsLPLNDPreoperative planning and navigation3D -printed models are useful for surgical planning of LPLND, especially in cases with LPN metastases
Horie et al[20]Advanced low rectal cancerTME, tumour-specific mesorectal resection or total proctocolectomy with LPLNDPreoperative planning3D reconstruction revealed vascular anatomy variations in 40%
Hojo et al[21]Infra-renal recurrence of colorectal cancerCurative resection beyond TMEPreoperative planning and navigationUsefulness of 3D models in surgical planning and navigation for resection of infra-renal recurrence of colorectal cancer, including rectal cancer
Nijkamp et al[22]Locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal cancerResection of tumourIntraoperative navigationFeasibility of integration of 3D model into the novel EM- based navigation system
Hassinger et al[23]Normal pelvic anatomyNASurgical educationVAPS teaches clinically relevant anatomy and is preferred to traditional methods. More detailed model is required
Hojo et al[24]Lower rectal cancerRelevant to LPLNDSurgical education3D virtual and printed models are useful for teaching LPLND
Brannigan et al[25]Middle and lower rectal cancerLaparoscopic resection of rectal cancerSurgical device designThe optimal angulation of a stapling device for transverse rectal transection is between 62º and 68º
TaTME: Transanal total mesorectal excision; TME: Total mesorectal excision; CRM: Circumferential resection margin; LPN: Lateral pelvic sidewall lymph nodes; LPLND: Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection; VAPS: Virtual pelvic anatomy simulator.
Table 3 Details of the three-dimensional model creation process
Study
3D model
Radiological modality
Segmentation
Segmentation performed by
Segmentation time
3D Printing time
3D printing material
Kontovounisios et al[10]VirtualMRIManualNo dataNo dataNANA
Hamabe et al[11]PrintedCTManualColorectal Surgeon and Technician40 hM – 37 h 30 min; F – 34 h 20 minUltraviolet-curated resin
Sahnan et al[12]VirtualMRIManualConsultant gastrointestinal radiologistSegmentation: 15 minSmoothing: 10 minNANA
Przedlacka et al[13]VirtualMRIManualNo dataNo dataNANA
Garcia-Granero et al[14]VirtualMRI3D-IPRNo dataNo dataNANA
Garcia-Granero et al[15]VirtualMRI3D-IPRNo dataNo dataNANA
Sueda et al[16]VirtualCTNo dataNo dataNo dataNANA
Chen et al[17]VirtualCT/MRINo dataNo dataNo dataNANA
Kim et al[18]VirtualCTNo dataNo dataNo dataNANA
Hojo et al[19]Virtual/printedCTManualColorectal surgeonNo data40 h (decreased with experience)No data
Horie et al[20]VirtualCTNo dataNo dataNo dataNANA
Hojo et al[21]VirtualNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNA
Nijkamp et al[22]VirtualCTAutomatic (bones); Semi-automatic (arteries); Manual (other structures)No data1-3 hNA
Hassinger et al[23]VirtualCT/MRINo dataNo dataNo dataNA
Hojo et al[24]Virtual/PrintedCTNo dataColorectal Surgeon and RadiologistNo data22 h
Brannigan et al[25]VirtualCTSemi-automaticNo dataNo dataNANA
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; CT: Computed tomography; 3D-IPR: Three-dimensional image processing and reconstruction.