Migration and repair of intestinal mucosal cells in pancreas-intestine anastomosis via inflammatory mediators: A beagle study

Figure 1 Anatomy of the pancreas in beagles. The pancreas is divided into three parts: The left lobe, the right lobe, and the pancreatic body. Arrow: Position of the pancreatic duct.

Figure 2 Beagle pancreatic intestinal anastomosis model. A: Study group (pancreaticojejunostomy with mucosal-priority healing); B: Control group (invagination pancreaticojejunostomy).

Figure 3 The expression of serum amylase in the two groups of Beagles on the 1^st, 7^th, 14^th, and 21^st day after pancreaticojejunostomy. ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. The t test was used for intergroup comparisons, with Bonferroni correction applied for multiple comparisons. α-AMY: Α-amylase.

Figure 4 The expression levels of transforming growth factor β1, interleukin-10, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the serum of dogs in the two groups on the 1^st, 7^th, 14^th, and 21^st day after pancreaticointestinal anastomosis. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01. The t test was used for intergroup comparisons, with Bonferroni correction applied for multiple comparisons. IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor β1.

Figure 5 On postoperative days 7, days 14, and days 21 in the two groups of dogs, the anastomotic site was observed, and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on the corresponding parts. A and B: Days 7; C and D: Days 14; E and F: Days 21. A1-F1: The direct cross-sectional view of the pancreatic intestinal anastomosis site; A2-F2: The hematoxylin and eosin staining of the corresponding anastomotic site. Arrow heads: Location of pancreatic intestinal anastomosis. Scale bar 200 μm; haematoxylin and eosin.

Figure 6 Immunohistochemical staining of the anastomotic site was performed on postoperative days 7, days 14, and days 21 in the two groups of dogs. ^aP < 0.05; ^cP < 0.001. The protein expression intensity of alpha smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and collagen III at the corresponding sites of the two sets of anastomoses. The immunohistochemical staining of the anastomosis in the study group at different time points, the immunohistochemical staining of the anastomosis in the control group at different time points. Scale bar 200 μm; immunohistochemical staining. The t test was used for intergroup comparisons, with Bonferroni correction applied for multiple comparisons. α-SMA: Alpha smooth muscle actin.

Figure 7 On postoperative day 21, sections of the anastomotic site from the two groups of dogs were stained by immunofluorescence. The figure shows the immunofluorescence intensity of alpha smooth muscle actin and collagen I/III at the corresponding sites of the two sets of anastomoses. Scale bar 200 µm; Immunofluorescence staining. α-SMA: Alpha smooth muscle actin; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; RGB: In optics, RGB refers to the colour formed by the combination of the three primary colours of red, green, and blue.