Endoscopic hemostasis combined with vascular interventional therapy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis

Figure 1 The literature screening process. One hundred and seventy-eight records were retrieved, with no additional studies from other sources. After removing 34 duplicate records, 37 irrelevant studies were excluded, leaving 78 full-text articles for evaluation. Ultimately, 24 studies were included for qualitative synthesis.

Figure 2 Forest plots. A and B: Clinical success and mortality based on single-group intervention studies (A: Clinical success; B: Mortality); C and D: Rebleeding based on single-group intervention studies (C: Fixed-effects model; D: Random-effects model); E and F: Reinterventions based on single-group intervention studies (E: Embolization-related interventional methods category: Transcatheter embolization/embolization procedures; F: Non-embolization-dominated interventional methods category: Over-the-scope clip/endoscopic treatment/transcatheter arterial embolization); G and H: Successful initial hemostasis and mortality (G: Successful initial hemostasis; H: Mortality); I and J: Rebleeding based on randomized controlled trials and retrospective cohort studies (I: Fixed-effects model; J: Random-effects model).

Figure 3 Funnel plots for publication bias assessment. A and B: Represent clinical success and mortality indicators from single-group intervention studies, respectively; C and D: Represent successful initial hemostasis and mortality from randomized controlled trials or retrospective cohort studies, respectively. SE: Standard error; RD: Risk difference; OR: Odds ratio.