©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Feb 27, 2026; 18(2): 115830
Published online Feb 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i2.115830
Published online Feb 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i2.115830
Development and validation of a risk prediction model for small intestinal mucosal injury in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users
Ning-Hui Zhao, Ling-Ran Zhao, Long-Jun Yang, Yu-Jia Lin, Mei Liu, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
Ning-Hui Zhao, Jia Yao, Ling-Yun Niu, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China
Author contributions: Zhao NH and Zhao LR wrote the manuscript; Yao J and Niu LY analyzed and interpreted the data; Yang LJ and Lin YJ collected the data; Yao J and Liu M provided financial support; Liu M made critical revisions; and all authors have read and approve the final manuscript.
Supported by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82472961; the Key Research and Development Projects of Hubei Province, China, No. SCZ202111; and Research and Innovation Team Project for Scientific Breakthroughs at Shanxi Bethune Hospital, No. 2024ZHANCHI06.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, approval No. 2024-S079.
Informed consent statement: The Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology agreed to waive the patient’s informed consent form.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Corresponding author: Mei Liu, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China. fliumei@126.com
Received: October 27, 2025
Revised: November 27, 2025
Accepted: January 7, 2026
Published online: February 27, 2026
Processing time: 122 Days and 21.3 Hours
Revised: November 27, 2025
Accepted: January 7, 2026
Published online: February 27, 2026
Processing time: 122 Days and 21.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This study identified advanced age, smoking, proton pump inhibitor use, elevated body mass index, high triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels as independent risk factors for small intestinal mucosal injury in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. A predictive nomogram was developed based on these factors. The model demonstrated good predictive accuracy, with an area under the curve of 0.775 in the derivation cohort and 0.797 in the validation cohort. This tool can facilitate early identification of high-risk individuals and guide clinical interventions to prevent small intestinal mucosal injury.