Combined effects of glycemic status and adiposity on cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: A nationwide population-based study

doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i1.114624

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Jan 15, 2026 (publication date) through Jan 14, 2026

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study

World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2026; 17(1): 114624
Published online Jan 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i1.114624

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects according to diabetes mellitus status

Group	Total (n = 1714859)	Normal (n = 857846)	IFG (n = 457410)	DM (n = 399603)	P value
Age (year)	57.78 ± 14.68	54.81 ± 15.65	59.25 ± 13.66	62.50 ± 11.89	< 0.0001
39	198542 (11.58)	149867 (17.47)	35887 (7.85)	12788 (3.20)	< 0.0001
40-64	902922 (52.65)	449993 (52.46)	249689 (54.59)	203240 (50.86)
≥ 65	613395 (35.77)	257986 (30.07)	171834 (37.57)	183575 (45.94)
Sex (male)	815109 (47.53)	350599 (40.87)	236377 (51.68)	228133 (57.09)	< 0.0001
Smoking					< 0.0001
Non	1119098 (65.26)	599967 (69.94)	286581 (62.65)	232550 (58.2)
Former	284742 (16.60)	118485 (13.81)	85402 (18.67)	80855 (20.23)
Current	311019 (18.14)	139394 (16.25)	85427 (18.68)	86198 (21.57)
Heavy drinker¹					< 0.0001
Non	1068788 (62.33)	544658 (63.49)	271279 (59.31)	252851 (63.28)
Mild	534295 (31.16)	272101 (31.72)	149782 (32.75)	112412 (28.13)
Heavy	111776 (6.52)	41087 (4.79)	36349 (7.95)	34340 (8.59)
Physical activity-regular	351280 (20.48)	174600 (20.35)	94593 (20.68)	82087 (20.54)	< 0.0001
Income-low²	373049 (21.75)	183523 (21.39)	97205 (21.25)	92321 (23.1)	< 0.0001
Hypertension	883385 (51.51)	336506 (39.23)	249054 (54.45)	297825 (74.53)	< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia	613846 (35.8)	229687 (26.77)	165923 (36.27)	218236 (54.61)	< 0.0001
eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m²	991664 (57.83)	472872 (55.12)	279726 (61.15)	239066 (59.83)	< 0.0001
Proteninuria, positive	799235 (46.61)	411203 (47.93)	195049 (42.64)	192983 (48.29)	< 0.0001
Height, cm	161.43 ± 9.46	161.22 ± 9.36	161.73 ± 9.62	161.53 ± 9.48	< 0.0001
Weight, kg	63.98 ± 12.43	62.00 ± 11.90	65.46 ± 12.63	66.52 ± 12.60	< 0.0001
BMI, kg/m²	24.44 ± 3.55	23.75 ± 3.41	24.90 ± 3.49	25.39 ± 3.61	< 0.0001
Waist circumference, cm	82.70 ± 9.76	80.17 ± 9.60	83.97 ± 9.25	86.68 ± 9.05	< 0.0001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	108.24 ± 36.02	88.85 ± 7.41	108.53 ± 6.79	149.52 ± 53.73	< 0.0001
SBP, mmHg	126.37 ± 16.40	123.28 ± 15.91	128.38 ± 16.05	130.71 ± 16.47	< 0.0001
DBP, mmHg	77.69 ± 10.69	76.40 ± 10.49	79.16 ± 10.70	78.78 ± 10.75	< 0.0001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	198.27 ± 41.31	197.97 ± 38.72	205.44 ± 41.04	190.72 ± 45.40	< 0.0001
HDL-C, mg/dL	53.87 ± 16.26	55.79 ± 16.69	53.81 ± 15.82	49.82 ± 15.00	< 0.0001
LDL-C, mg/dL	116.05 ± 37.74	117.34 ± 35.65	121.51 ± 38.03	107.02 ± 40.10	< 0.0001
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m²	68.52 ± 24.02	71.03 ± 25.23	66.63 ± 22.03	65.30 ± 22.94	< 0.0001
Triglyceride, mg/dL	122.65 (122.54-122.75)	107.31 (107.18-107.43)	132.22 (132.01-132.43)	149.92 (149.67-150.18)	< 0.0001

¹Alcohol consumptions ≥ 30 g/day.

²Low income 25%.

Data were showed as mean ± SD, n (%) or median (range). Abdominal obesity: Waist circumference ≥ 90 in male, ≥ 85 in female. DM: Diabetes mellitus; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants by level of body mass index

Group	BMI (kg/m²)					P value
Group	< 18.5 (n = 56566)	< 23 (n = 535450)	< 25 (n = 410244)	< 30 (n = 602426)	≥ 30 (n = 110173)	P value
Age (year)	51.24 ± 20.28	56.65 ± 15.99	59.59 ± 13.39	58.95 ± 13.19	53.53 ± 14.69	< 0.0001
39	19502 (34.48)	80030 (14.95)	30517 (7.44)	47728 (7.92)	20765 (18.85)	< 0.0001
40-64	19602 (34.65)	270107 (50.44)	220489 (53.75)	332408 (55.18)	60316 (54.75)
≥ 65	17462 (30.87)	185313 (34.61)	159238 (38.82)	222290 (36.9)	29092 (26.41)
Sex (male)	16627 (29.39)	210349 (39.28)	207643 (50.61)	326356 (54.17)	54134 (49.14)	< 0.0001
Smoking						< 0.0001
Non	41252 (72.93)	374889 (70.01)	263541 (64.24)	370438 (61.49)	68978 (62.61)
Former	4484 (7.93)	67386 (12.58)	74651 (18.20)	120838 (20.06)	17383 (15.78)
Current	10830 (19.15)	93175 (17.40)	72052 (17.56)	111150 (18.45)	23812 (21.61)
Drinking¹						< 0.0001
Non	36289 (64.15)	345181 (64.47)	256710 (62.57)	364598 (60.52)	66010 (59.91)
Mild	17634 (31.17)	162628 (30.37)	127973 (31.19)	191763 (31.83)	34297 (31.13)
Heavy	2643 (4.67)	27641 (5.16)	25561 (6.23)	46065 (7.65)	9866 (8.96)
Physical activity-regular²	7235 (12.79)	106891 (19.96)	91849 (22.39)	126601 (21.02)	18704 (16.98)	< 0.0001
Income-low³	13067 (23.10)	120206 (22.45)	87657 (21.37)	127458 (21.16)	24661 (22.38)	< 0.0001
Hypertension	14261 (25.21)	206166 (38.5)	212345 (51.76)	372258 (61.79)	78355 (71.12)	< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia	8264 (14.61)	143192 (26.74)	150791 (36.76)	258843 (42.97)	52756 (47.88)	< 0.0001
eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m²	23040 (40.73)	298062 (55.67)	255719 (62.33)	363721 (60.38)	51122 (46.40)	< 0.0001
Proteninuria, positive	35622 (62.97)	259211 (48.41)	172597 (42.07)	267338 (44.38)	64467 (58.51)	< 0.0001
Height, cm	160.74 ± 8.76	160.7 ± 8.93	161.42 ± 9.38	161.95 ± 9.74	162.48 ± 10.69	< 0.0001
Weight, kg	45.11 ± 5.50	54.95 ± 6.92	62.64 ± 7.45	70.7 ± 9.21	85.8 ± 13.26	< 0.0001
BMI, kg/m²	17.4 ± 0.92	21.21 ± 1.2	23.95 ± 0.57	26.86 ± 1.33	32.35 ± 2.53	< 0.0001
Waist circumference, cm	66.44 ± 6.20	75.24 ± 6.61	82.12 ± 5.83	88.33 ± 6.37	98.71 ± 8.13	< 0.0001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	98.56 ± 34.86	103.29 ± 34.63	107.86 ± 34.75	111.82 ± 36.18	119.11 ± 41.66	< 0.0001
SBP, mmHg	116.46 ± 16.62	122.15 ± 16.2	126.51 ± 15.6	129.54 ± 15.56	134.12 ± 16.85	< 0.0001
DBP, mmHg	72.68 ± 10.47	75.16 ± 10.27	77.49 ± 10.13	79.56 ± 10.42	83.07 ± 11.85	< 0.0001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	185.47 ± 37.79	194.51 ± 39.8	199.27 ± 41.18	201.09 ± 42.17	204.02 ± 43.11	< 0.0001
HDL-C, mg/dL	63.82 ± 19.06	57.73 ± 17.3	53.03 ± 15.56	50.85 ± 14.68	49.66 ± 14.08	< 0.0001
LDL-C, mg/dL	102.76 ± 33.77	113.4 ± 36.16	117.81 ± 37.74	118.01 ± 38.69	118.47 ± 39.65	< 0.0001
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m²	78.73 ± 29.01	70.14 ± 25.38	66.19 ± 22.44	66.76 ± 22.43	73.77 ± 25.75	< 0.0001
Triglyceride, mg/dL	82.17 (81.84-82.52)	100.83 (100.68-100.98)	124.19 (123.99-124.4)	142.81 (142.61-143)	162.06 (161.55-162.58)	< 0.0001

¹Alcohol consumptions ≥ 30 g/day.

²Regular exercise: Mid-term exercise ≥ 5 days or vigorous exercise ≥ 3 days in a week.

³Low income 25%.

Data were showed as mean ± SD, n (%) or median (range). eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

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Table 3 Baseline characteristics of participants by level of waist circumferences

Group	WCs (male/female)
Group	< 80/< 75 (n = 445617)	< 85/< 80 (n = 358075)	< 90/< 85 (n = 378139)	< 95/< 90 (n = 273818)	< 100/< 95 (n = 149269)	≥ 100/≥ 95 (n = 109941)	P value
Age (year)	52.37 ± 16.17	58.13 ± 13.73	60.06 ± 13.20	60.82 ± 13.16	61.02 ± 13.66	58.81 ± 15.12	< 0.0001
39	198542 (11.58)	96433 (21.64)	32726 (9.14)	26123 (6.91)	17981 (6.57)	11316 (7.58)	< 0.0001
40-64	902922 (52.65)	239284 (53.70)	202415 (56.53)	201019 (53.16)	138486 (50.58)	70970 (47.55)
≥ 65	613395 (35.77)	109900 (24.66)	122934 (34.33)	150997 (39.93)	117351 (42.86)	66983 (44.87)
Sex (male)	815109 (47.53)	160554 (36.03)	184340 (51.48)	198169 (52.41)	147268 (53.78)	73968 (49.55)	< 0.0001
Smoking							< 0.0001
Non	321941 (72.25)	226439 (63.24)	236728 (62.60)	167768 (61.27)	95150 (63.74)	321941 (72.25)
Former	48723 (10.93)	62843 (17.55)	72346 (19.13)	55303 (20.20)	27670 (18.54)	48723 (10.93)
Current	74953 (16.82)	68793 (19.21)	69065 (18.26)	50747 (18.53)	26449 (17.72)	74953 (16.82)
Drinking¹							< 0.0001
Non	278821 (62.57)	218854 (61.12)	234984 (62.14)	169578 (61.93)	95478 (63.96)	71073 (64.65)
Mild	145938 (32.75)	116100 (32.42)	117063 (30.96)	83123 (30.36)	42164 (28.25)	29907 (27.20)
Heavy	20858 (4.68)	23121 (6.46)	26092 (6.90)	21117 (7.71)	11627 (7.79)	8961 (8.15)
PA-regular²	91577 (20.55)	80060 (22.36)	81067 (21.44)	54497 (19.90)	26872 (18.00)	17207 (15.65)	< 0.0001
Income-low³	100487 (22.55)	76710 (21.42)	80359 (21.25)	58281 (21.28)	32372 (21.69)	100487 (22.55)	< 0.0001
Hypertension	133696 (30.00)	169039 (47.21)	215195 (56.91)	176686 (64.53)	105284 (70.53)	83485 (75.94)	< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia	97624 (21.91)	120857 (33.75)	150220 (39.73)	119632 (43.69)	70589 (47.29)	54924 (49.96)	< 0.0001
eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m²	217826 (48.88)	212775 (59.42)	236063 (62.43)	171542 (62.65)	92273 (61.82)	61185 (55.65)	< 0.0001
Proteninuria, positive	243137 (54.56)	160187 (44.74)	159386 (42.15)	116057 (42.38)	65197 (43.68)	55271 (50.27)	< 0.0001
Height, cm	160.3 ± 8.52	161.43 ± 9.18	161.64 ± 9.58	162.18 ± 9.91	162.02 ± 10.24	162.57 ± 10.75	< 0.0001
Weight, kg	54.07 ± 7.75	61.23 ± 8.52	65.2 ± 9.39	69.53 ± 10.31	73.53 ± 11.45	82.1 ± 15.06	< 0.0001
BMI, kg/m²	21 ± 2.17	23.42 ± 1.95	24.86 ± 2.05	26.33 ± 2.19	27.88 ± 2.40	30.88 ± 3.55	< 0.0001
WC, cm	70.92 ± 4.97	79.6 ± 2.91	84.52 ± 2.9	89.45 ± 2.82	94.14 ± 2.88	101.99 ± 5.56	< 0.0001
FBS, mg/dL	99.68 ± 31.06	106.53 ± 34.58	109.96 ± 35.92	112.9 ± 37.22	115.71 ± 38.98	120.79 ± 43.36	< 0.0001
SBP, mmHg	119.97 ± 15.86	125.62 ± 15.69	127.97 ± 15.59	129.87 ± 15.71	131.38 ± 15.91	133.72 ± 16.80	< 0.0001
DBP, mmHg	74.46 ± 10.25	77.24 ± 10.26	78.42 ± 10.29	79.42 ± 10.52	80.29 ± 10.79	81.91 ± 11.65	< 0.0001
TC, mg/dL	193.52 ± 38.91	198.98 ± 40.9	200.18 ± 41.8	200.21 ± 42.38	200.46 ± 43.09	200.89 ± 43.59	< 0.0001
HDL-C, mg/dL	59.99 ± 17.79	53.94 ± 16.02	51.8 ± 14.89	50.52 ± 14.48	50.03 ± 14.51	49.54 ± 14.12	< 0.0001
LDL-C, mg/dL	112.21 ± 35.32	117.59 ± 37.46	117.95 ± 38.22	117.2 ± 38.90	116.67 ± 39.66	116.33 ± 39.70	< 0.0001
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m²	74.08 ± 26.44	67.72 ± 23.19	65.91 ± 22.22	65.51 ± 22.03	65.77 ± 22.74	68.84 ± 25.00	< 0.0001
Triglyceride, mg/dL	92.04 (91.9-92.19)	119.72 (119.51-119.93)	133.83 (133.6-134.06)	144.27 (143.98-144.56)	151.22 (150.81-151.62)	158.00 (157.51-158.48)	< 0.0001

¹Alcohol consumptions ≥ 30 g/day.

²Regular exercise: Mid-term exercise ≥ 5 days or vigorous exercise ≥ 3 days in a week.

³Low income 25%.

Data were showed as mean ± SD, n (%) or median (range). PA: Physical activity; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; FBS: Fasting blood glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

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Table 4 Multivariate cox analysis for incident cardiovascular outcome by diabetes mellitus status

Outcome	DM status	n	Events (n)	Duration, PY	IR, per 1000	Adjusted HR (95%CI)
Outcome	DM status	n	Events (n)	Duration, PY	IR, per 1000	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
CVD	Normal	857846	47590	6508730.39	7.31	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	IFG	457410	32092	3393918.30	9.46	1.30 (1.28-1.32)	1.07 (1.05-1.08)	1.04 (1.03-1.06)
	DM	399603	48151	2824691.28	17.05	2.35 (2.32-2.38)	1.69 (1.67-1.72)	1.57 (1.55-1.59)
MI	Normal	857846	22657	6586843.49	3.44	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	IFG	457410	15083	3446873.19	4.38	1.28 (1.25-1.30)	1.06 (1.04-1.09)	1.05 (1.02-1.07)
	DM	399603	23193	2901757.43	7.99	2.35 (2.30-2.39)	1.73 (1.70-1.76)	1.60 (1.57-1.63)
Stroke	Normal	857846	27725	6568204.74	4.22	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	IFG	457410	19065	3433118.71	5.55	1.32 (1.30-1.34)	1.07 (1.05-1.09)	1.05 (1.03-1.07)
	DM	399603	28972	2881142.97	10.06	2.40 (2.36-2.44)	1.70 (1.67-1.73)	1.58 (1.56-1.61)
Death	Normal	857846	66149	6652038.98	9.94	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	IFG	457410	45975	3490148.71	13.17	1.33 (1.32-1.35)	1.03 (1.02-1.04)	1.03 (1.02-1.05)
	DM	399603	70520	2965646.58	23.78	2.41 (2.39-2.44)	1.61 (1.60-1.63)	1.60 (1.58-1.62)

Model 1: Non-adjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex; Model 3: Adjusted for model 2 plus smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, income, hypertension, dyslipidemia. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; MI: Myocardial infarction; DM: Diabetes mellitus; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; PY: Person years; IR: Incidence rate; HR: Hazard ratio.

Full Size Table

Table 5 Multivariate cox analysis for incident cardiovascular outcome by level of body mass index

Outcome	BMI status (kg/m²)	n	Events (n)	Duration, PY	IR, per 1000	Adjusted HR (95%CI)
Outcome	BMI status (kg/m²)	n	Events (n)	Duration, PY	IR, per 1000	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
CVD	< 18.5	56566	3383	397648.60	8.51	0.91 (0.88-0.94)	1.10 (1.07-1.14)	1.12 (1.08-1.16)
	< 23	535450	37165	3947307.38	9.42	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	< 25	410244	31995	3058693.76	10.46	1.11 (1.09-1.13)	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.97 (0.96-0.98)
	< 30	602426	47427	4504619.24	10.53	1.12 (1.10-1.13)	1.03 (1.02-1.04)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
	≥ 30	110173	7863	819070.98	9.60	1.02 (1.00-1.05)	1.25 (1.22-1.28)	1.11 (1.08-1.14)
MI	< 18.5	56566	1682	401800.32	4.19	0.96 (0.92-1.01)	1.18 (1.12-1.24)	1.20 (1.14-1.26)
	< 23	535450	17569	4005904.07	4.39	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	< 25	410244	14925	3112148.57	4.80	1.09 (1.07-1.12)	0.97 (0.95-0.99)	0.95 (0.93-0.97)
	< 30	602426	22864	4583820.63	4.99	1.13 (1.11-1.16)	1.04 (1.02-1.06)	0.98 (0.96-1.00)
	≥ 30	110173	3893	831800.52	4.68	1.07 (1.03-1.11)	1.27 (1.23-1.32)	1.12 (1.08-1.16)
Stroke	< 18.5	56566	1928	401035.13	4.81	0.87 (0.83-0.91)	1.04 (0.99-1.09)	1.05 (1.00-1.10)
	< 23	535450	22294	3988702.59	5.59	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	< 25	410244	19280	3097139.88	6.23	1.11 (1.09-1.13)	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	0.98 (0.96-1.00)
	< 30	602426	27770	4565772.03	6.08	1.09 (1.07-1.11)	1.01 (0.99-1.03)	0.96 (0.94-0.98)
	≥ 30	110173	4490	829816.79	5.41	0.97 (0.94-1.00)	1.22 (1.18-1.26)	1.09 (1.05-1.12)
Death	< 18.5	56566	10755	405566.28	26.52	1.65 (1.62-1.68)	1.86 (1.82-1.90)	1.83 (1.79-1.87)
	< 23	535450	66001	4052235.98	16.29	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	< 25	410244	42492	3154949.89	13.47	0.82 (0.81-0.83)	0.75 (0.74-0.76)	0.76 (0.75-0.77)
	< 30	602426	54969	4651464.79	11.82	0.72 (0.71-0.73)	0.71 (0.71-0.72)	0.70 (0.70-0.71)
	≥ 30	110173	8427	843617.33	9.99	0.62 (0.60-0.63)	0.92 (0.90-0.94)	0.87 (0.85-0.89)

Model 1: Non-adjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex; Model 3: Adjusted for model 2 plus smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, income, hypertension, dyslipidemia. BMI: Body mass index; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; MI: Myocardial infarction; PY: Person years; IR: Incidence rate; HR: Hazard ratio.

Full Size Table

Table 6 Multivariate cox analysis for incident cardiovascular outcome by level of waist circumference

Outcome	WC status (cm)	n	Events (n)	Duration, PY	IR, per 1000	Adjusted HR (95%CI)
Outcome	WC status (cm)	n	Events (n)	Duration, PY	IR, per 1000	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
CVD	< 80/< 75	445617	23223	3336354.36	6.96	0.64 (0.63-0.65)	0.91 (0.90-0.93)	0.96 (0.95-0.98)
	< 85/< 80	358075	25492	2672239.66	9.54	0.87 (0.86-0.89)	0.95 (0.94-0.97)	0.97 (0.96-0.99)
	< 90/< 85	378139	30709	2808044.85	10.94	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	< 95/< 90	273818	23991	2020208.22	11.88	1.09 (1.07-1.11)	1.04 (1.02-1.06)	1.02 (1.00-1.04)
	< 100/< 95	149269	13995	1093690.46	12.80	1.17 (1.15-1.20)	1.12 (1.10-1.14)	1.07 (1.05-1.09)
	≥ 100/≥ 95	109941	10423	796802.43	13.08	1.20 (1.18-1.23)	1.26 (1.23-1.29)	1.17 (1.15-1.20)
MI	< 80/< 75	445617	11098	3372362.79	3.29	0.64 (0.63-0.66)	0.90 (0.88-0.92)	0.95 (0.93-0.98)
	< 85/< 80	358075	12119	2713709.57	4.47	0.87 (0.85-0.89)	0.95 (0.92-0.97)	0.97 (0.94-0.99)
	< 90/< 85	378139	14642	2858902.81	5.12	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	< 95/< 90	273818	11379	2060078.54	5.52	1.08 (1.05-1.11)	1.04 (1.01-1.07)	1.02 (0.99-1.04)
	< 100/< 95	149269	6665	1116627.75	5.97	1.17 (1.14-1.20)	1.12 (1.09-1.16)	1.07 (1.04-1.11)
	≥ 100/≥ 95	109941	5030	813792.65	6.18	1.21 (1.18-1.25)	1.28 (1.23-1.32)	1.18 (1.15-1.22)
Stroke	< 80/< 75	445617	13666	3362891.68	4.06	0.64 (0.62-0.65)	0.93 (0.91-0.95)	0.98 (0.95-1.00)
	< 85/< 80	358075	15068	2703325.42	5.57	0.87 (0.85-0.89)	0.96 (0.94-0.98)	0.98 (0.96-1.00)
	< 90/< 85	378139	18173	2846368.13	6.39	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	< 95/< 90	273818	14340	2049514.23	7.00	1.10 (1.07-1.12)	1.05 (1.03-1.07)	1.03 (1.00-1.05)
	< 100/< 95	149269	8355	1110933.10	7.52	1.18 (1.15-1.21)	1.12 (1.09-1.15)	1.07 (1.05-1.10)
	≥ 100/≥ 95	109941	6160	809433.86	7.61	1.20 (1.16-1.23)	1.25 (1.22-1.29)	1.17 (1.13-1.20)
Death	< 80/< 75	445617	41741	3401800.39	12.27	0.88 (0.87-0.90)	1.35 (1.33-1.37)	1.36 (1.34-1.38)
	< 85/< 80	358075	36435	2748088.03	13.26	0.95 (0.94-0.97)	1.06 (1.05-1.08)	1.07 (1.06-1.09)
	< 90/< 85	378139	40422	2901383.41	13.93	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	< 95/< 90	273818	31625	2092744.55	15.11	1.09 (1.07-1.10)	1.02 (1.01-1.04)	1.01 (1.00-1.03)
	< 100/< 95	149269	18297	1135942.79	16.11	1.16 (1.14-1.18)	1.08 (1.06-1.10)	1.05 (1.04-1.07)
	≥ 100/≥ 95	109941	14124	827875.1	17.06	1.24 (1.21-1.26)	1.30 (1.27-1.32)	1.24 (1.22-1.27)

Model 1: Non-adjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex; Model 3: Adjusted for model 2 plus smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, income, hypertension, dyslipidemia. WC: Waist circumference; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; MI: Myocardial infarction; PY: Person years; IR: Incidence rate; HR: Hazard ratio.

Full Size Table

Citation: Bae EH, Lim SY, Kim BS, Han K, Suh SH, Choi HS, Yang EM, Kim CS, Ma SK, Kim SW. Combined effects of glycemic status and adiposity on cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: A nationwide population-based study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(1): 114624
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i1/114624.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v17.i1.114624