Long-term and short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and its association with glycolipid metabolic disorders

Table 1 Long-term exposure baseline data overview, n (%)

	Level	Overall	GMDs	Non-GMDs	P value
Number		18605	4422	14183
Age (mean ± SD)		59.409 ± 10.3	59.103 ± 8.9	59.506 ± 10.7	0.023
Sex	Female	9723 (52.3)	2494 (56.4)	7229 (51.0)	< 0.001
	Male	8881 (47.8)	1928 (43.6)	6953 (49.0)
Residence	Rural	14189 (76.5)	3093 (70.2)	11096 (78.5)	< 0.001
	Urban	4353 (23.5)	1315 (29.8)	3038 (21.5)
Marital-status	Married and living with a spouse	15069 (81.0)	3733 (84.4)	11336 (79.9)	< 0.001
	Not married but living with a spouse	1135 (6.1)	228 (5.2)	907 (6.4)
	Single, divorced, and windowed	2398 (12.9)	461 (10.4)	1937 (13.7)
Education-status	Elementary school or below	12246 (65.9)	2712 (61.3)	9534 (67.3)	< 0.001
	Middle school or above	6351 (34.2)	1710 (38.7)	4641 (32.7)
Smoking-status	Non-smoker	10607 (57.6)	2720 (61.9)	7887 (56.3)	< 0.001
	Smoker	7795 (42.4)	1674 (38.1)	6121 (43.7)
Drinking-status	Drinker	6319 (34.4)	1384 (31.5)	4935 (35.3)	< 0.001
	Non-drinker	12047 (65.6)	3005 (68.5)	9042 (64.7)
Regional-category	East	6423 (34.5)	1529 (34.6)	4894 (34.5)	< 0.001
	Midland	6782 (36.5)	1789 (40.5)	4993 (35.2)
	West	5400 (29.0)	1104 (25.0)	4296 (30.3)
Cooking-fuel-use	Clean fuel	5750 (54.7)	1526 (59.4)	4224 (53.2)	< 0.001
	Solid fuel	4758 (45.3)	1042 (40.6)	3716 (46.8)
Dyslipidemia-2018	Non-dyslipidemia	11615 (77.1)	975 (22.1)	10640 (100.0)	< 0.001
	Dyslipidemia	3447 (22.9)	3447 (78.0)	0 (0.0)
Disabetes-2018	Non-disabetes	13010 (86.3)	2361 (53.4)	10649 (100.0)	< 0.001
	Disabetes	2061 (13.7)	2061 (46.6)	0 (0.0)
O3 (mean ± SD)		84.743 ± 4.9	85.083 ± 4.9	84.637 ± 4.8	< 0.001
PM1 (mean ± SD)		31.375 ± 9.5	32.790 ± 10.0	30.933 ± 9.4	< 0.001
PM10 (mean ± SD)		98.960 ± 30.6	105.055 ± 30.7	97.060 ± 30.4	< 0.001
PM2.5 (mean ± SD)		57.005 ± 17.5	59.947 ± 18.0	56.088 ± 17.3	< 0.001
SO42- (mean ± SD)		12.170 ± 2.9	12.490 ± 3.0	12.070 ± 2.8	< 0.001
Cl- (mean ± SD)		2.285 ± 0.9	2.447 ± 0.9	2.234 ± 0.9	< 0.001
NH4+ (mean ± SD)		7.468 ± 2.2	7.792 ± 2.2	7.367 ± 2.2	< 0.001
NO3- (mean ± SD)		10.267 ± 3.7	10.830 ± 3.7	10.093 ± 3.7	< 0.001

Percentages are presented to one decimal place. PM₁: Particulate matter 1; PM_2.5: Particulate matter 2.5; PM₁₀: Particulate matter 10; O₃: Ozone. SO₄^2-: Sulfate ion; NO₃^-: Nitrate ion; Cl^-: Chloride ion; NH₄⁺: Ammonium ion; GMDs: Glycolipid metabolic disorders.