Impact of achieving glycated hemoglobin targets on cardiovascular events/mortality: Post-hoc analysis of the nephropathy in diabetes type 2 trial

Table 1 Overall patient characteristics at the end of the intervention phase (n = 323), mean ± SD/n (%)

Variable	SoC group (n = 139)	MT group (n = 184)	P value
Age (years)	71.0 ± 9.5	69.4 ± 9.1	0.141
Sex			0.229
M/F	57 (41)/82 (59)	89 (48.4)/95 (51.6)
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic	135.7 ± 15.4	127.4 ± 8.8	< 0.001
Diastolic	78.9 ± 8.8	78.0 ± 5.7	0.295
Blood pressure < 130/80 mmHg	60 (45.1)	121 (69.9)	< 0.001
Laboratory tests
eGFR EPI-CKD (mL/minute)	61.2 ± 22.4	61.2 ± 22.9	0.996
Albuminuria (mg/day), median IQR	85.7 (37.8-150.0)	52.0 (11.1-165.5)	0.013
Albuminuria < 30 mg/day	18 (12.9)	57 (31.0)	< 0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL), median IQR	142.0 (123.0-171.5)	140.0 (130.0-171.5)	0.277
HbA1c (%), median IQR	7.1 (6.8-7.8)	6.9 (6.5-7.2)	< 0.001
HbA1c < 7%	60 (43.2)	119 (65.4)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), median IQR	190.0 (170.0-211.5)	171.0 (158.0-194.0)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol < 175 mg/dL	39 (28)	98 (53.8)	< 0.001
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), median IQR	118.2 (102.8-144.2)	97.7 (85.6-118.6)	< 0.001
LDL < 100 mg/dL	26 (18.7)	92 (50.5)	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL), median IQR	121.0 (94.0-168.8)	140.0 (117.7-168.0)	< 0.001
Therapy
Antihypertensive drugs, median IQR	1 (1-3)	2 (1-3)	< 0.001
ACEi/ARBs	139 (100.0)	184 (100.0)	1.000
Diuretics	63 (45.3)	113 (61.4)	0.047
Calcium channel blockers	43 (30.9)	75 (40.8)	0.070
Beta blockers	26 (18.7)	37 (20.1)	0.753
Alpha blockers	5 (3.6)	10 (5.4)	0.438
Antihyperglycemic therapy			0.814
Diet	4 (2.9)	4 (2.2)
Insulin	43 (30.9)	67 (36.4)
Oral antihyperglycemics	63 (45.3)	81 (44.0)
Combination therapy	15 (10.8)	24 (13.0)
Missing	14 (10.1)	8 (4.4)
Statins	57 (41.0)	81 (44.0)	0.448
Antiplatelet	78 (56.1)	135 (73.4)	< 0.001

MT: Multifactorial intensive therapy; SoC: Standard of care; M: Male; F: Female; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; EPI-CKD: Chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; IQR: Interquartile range; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; ACEi: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker. Comparisons between groups were performed using the analysis of variance procedure for normally distributed variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables are presented as counts (percentages) and compared using Pearson’s χ² test.

Table 2 Comparison between outcome events among multifactorial intensive therapy and standard of care group, n (%)

Variable	Overall population (n = 323)	SoC group (n = 139)	MT group (n = 184)	P value
MACE	190 (58.8)	97 (69.8)	93 (50.5)	< 0.001
Myocardial infarction	38 (11.8)	18 (12.9)	20 (10.9)	0.211
TIA/stroke	18 (5.6)	10 (7.2)	8 (4.3)	0.885
Revascularization	10 (3.1)	9 (6.5)	1 (0.5)	0.032
Major amputation	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000
Cardiovascular death	124 (38.4)	60 (43.2)	64 (34.8)	0.126
All-cause death	139 (43.0)	67 (48.2)	72 (39.1)	0.104

MT: Multifactorial intensive therapy; SoC: Standard of care; MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events; TIA: Transient ischemic attack. Categorical variables are presented as n (%) and compared using Pearson’s χ² test.