Analysis of inflammatory response and its factors after dental implant surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.110140

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Oct 15, 2025 (publication date) through Oct 22, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2025; 16(10): 110140
Published online Oct 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.110140

Table 1 Comparison of general information between two patient groups

Groups	Observation group (n = 146)	Control group (n = 60)	χ²/t	P value
Gender			0.905	0.341
Male	77	36
Female	69	24
Age (years)	55.84 ± 4.67	55.57 ± 3.98	0.391	0.696
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)	10.08 ± 2.43	4.83 ± 0.53	16.520	< 0.0001
Smoking history	63	21	1.170	0.279
Alcohol consumption history	58	19	1.180	0.277
Implant site			1.171	0.279
Anterior teeth	68	23
Molar teeth	78	37
Bone grafting			2.352	0.125
With	78	25
Without	68	35
Implantation method			0.119	0.730
Submerged	72	28
Non-submerged	74	32

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Table 2 Comparison of periodontal indices between two patient groups

Groups	Time points	PD (mm)	mSBI	mPLI	MBL
Observation group (n = 146)	1 month after surgery	1.57 ± 0.22	0.61 ± 0.50	0.65 ± 0.59	0.51 ± 0.09
	3 months after surgery	1.72 ± 0.24^a^,^c	0.68 ± 0.57^c	0.75 ± 0.65	0.62 ± 0.12^a^,^c
	6 months after surgery	2.33 ± 0.27^a^,^b^,^c	1.09 ± 0.72^a^,^b^,^c	1.09 ± 0.80^a^,^b^,^c	1.04 ± 0.17^a^,^b^,^c
Control group (n = 60)	1 month after surgery	1.55 ± 0.16	0.60 ± 0.62	0.60 ± 0.56	0.49 ± 0.05
	3 months after surgery	1.47 ± 0.14^a	0.23 ± 0.43^a	0.68 ± 0.62	0.69 ± 0.09^a
	6 months after surgery	1.17 ± 0.11^a^,^b	0.17 ± 0.38^a	0.72 ± 0.76	0.72 ± 0.09^a

^aP < 0.05 vs the level at 1 month after surgery in the same group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the level at 3 months after surgery in the same group.

^cP < 0.05 vs the control group at the same time point.

PD: Probing depth; mSBI: Modified sulcus bleeding index; mPLI: Modified plaque index; MBL: Marginal bone loss.

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Table 3 Comparison of inflammatory factors in gingival crevicular fluid

Groups	Time points	TNF-α (ng/mL)	IL-1β (ng/mL)	IL-6 (ng/mL)
Observation group (n = 146)	1 month after surgery	0.71 ± 0.07	0.52 ± 0.06	1.94 ± 0.22
	3 months after surgery	1.42 ± 0.12^a^,^c	1.04 ± 0.11^a^,^c	3.07 ± 0.33^a^,^c
	6 months after surgery	1.98 ± 0.18^a^,^b^,^c	2.08 ± 0.28^a^,^b^,^c	4.88 ± 0.47^a^,^b^,^c
Control group (n = 60)	1 month after surgery	0.74 ± 0.08	0.52 ± 0.08	1.99 ± 0.15
	3 months after surgery	0.67 ± 0.16^a	0.50 ± 0.06	2.03 ± 0.21
	6 months after surgery	0.70 ± 0.16	0.43 ± 0.08^a^,^b	1.59 ± 0.08^a^,^b

^aP < 0.05 vs the level at 1 month after surgery in the same group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the level at 3 months after surgery in the same group.

^cP < 0.05 vs the control group at the same time point.

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-6: Interleukin-6.

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Table 4 Comparison of inflammatory factors in serum

Groups	White blood cells (× 10⁹/L)		Lymphocytes (× 10⁹/L)		Neutrophils (× 10⁹/L)
Groups	Before surgery	24 hours after surgery	Before surgery	24 hours after surgery	Before surgery	24 hours after surgery
Observation group (n = 146)	6.63 ± 1.44	9.96 ± 2.39	1.72 ± 0.56	3.03 ± 0.43	2.84 ± 0.74	5.41 ± 0.84
Control group (n = 60)	6.29 ± 1.73	6.89 ± 1.60	1.87 ± 0.62	1.67 ± 0.51	2.98 ± 0.30	3.05 ± 0.74
t	1.448	9.129	1.637	19.640	1.453	18.890
P value	0.149	< 0.0001	0.103	< 0.0001	0.148	< 0.0001

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Table 5 Comparison of implant stability between two patient groups

Groups	Time points	ISQ
Observation group (n = 146)	1 month after surgery	55.49 ± 1.34
	3 months after surgery	61.07 ± 1.95^a^,^c
	6 months after surgery	65.88 ± 2.28^a^,^b^,^c
Control group (n = 60)	1 month after surgery	55.48 ± 0.93
	3 months after surgery	65.62 ± 2.12^a
	6 months after surgery	70.88 ± 3.59^a^,^b

^aP < 0.05 vs the level at 1 month after surgery in the same group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the level at 3 months after surgery in the same group.

^cP < 0.05 vs the control group at the same time point.

ISQ: Implant stability quotient.

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Table 6 Comparison of general data between peri-implantitis and non-peri-implantitis groups

Groups	PI group (n = 63)	Non-PI group (n = 83)	χ²/t	P value
Gender			0.168	0.682
Male	32	45
Female	31	38
Age (years)	56.78 ± 5.37	55.12 ± 3.98	2.150	0.033
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)	11.11 ± 2.69	9.23 ± 1.96	4.827	< 0.0001
Smoking history	42	21	24.981	< 0.0001
Alcohol consumption history	21	37	1.891	0.169
Implant site			31.141	< 0.0001
Anterior teeth	46	22
Molar teeth	17	61
Bone grafting			0.2022	0.653
With	35	43
Without	28	40
Implantation method			0.417	0.519
Submerged	33	39
Non-submerged	30	44
Alveolar bone quality classification			8.417	0.015
I	26	21
II	23	19
III	14	34
Oral hygiene habits
Daily tooth-brushing frequency (times)			15.901	< 0.0001
≤ 1	43	29
> 1	20	54
Tooth-brushing after meals			5.370	0.021
Yes	22	45
No	41	38
Tooth-brushing duration (minutes)			51.861	< 0.0001
< 3	49	15
≥ 3	14	68

PI: Peri-implantitis.

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Table 7 Comparison of periodontal indices between peri-implantitis and non-peri-implantitis groups

Groups	PI group (n = 63)	Non-PI group (n = 83)	t	P value
PD (mm)	2.39 ± 0.23	2.28 ± 0.30	2.458	0.015
mSBI	1.19 ± 0.64	1.01 ± 0.77	1.483	0.140
mPLI	1.19 ± 0.78	1.02 ± 0.81	1.248	0.214
MBL	1.09 ± 0.16	1.00 ± 0.17	3.175	0.002
ISQ	64.63 ± 1.90	66.83 ± 2.08	6.605	< 0.0001

PI: Peri-implantitis; PD: Probing depth; mSBI: Modified sulcus bleeding index; mPLI: Modified plaque index; MBL: Marginal bone loss; ISQ: Implant stability quotient.

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Table 8 Comparison of inflammatory between peri-implantitis and non-peri-implantitis groups

Groups	PI group (n = 63)	Non-PI group (n = 83)	t	P value
TNF-α (ng/mL)	2.02 ± 0.15	1.95 ± 0.19	2.560	0.012
IL-1β (ng/mL)	2.17 ± 0.22	2.02 ± 0.30	3.526	0.0006
IL-6 (ng/mL)	5.08 ± 0.41	4.73 ± 0.46	4.691	< 0.0001

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-6: Interleukin-6; PI: Peri-implantitis.

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Table 9 Logistic analysis of factors influencing peri-implantitis

Variable	Assignment	β	SE	Wald	P value	HR	95%CI
Constant	-	-6.820	3.899	3.060	0.080	0.001	-
Age	Continuous variable	0.035	0.063	0.317	0.573	1.036	0.916-1.172
Glycosylated hemoglobin	Continuous variable	0.434	0.137	9.979	0.002	1.543	1.179-2.020
Smoking history	0 = none, 1 = yes	1.168	0.578	4.085	0.043	3.214	1.036-9.971
Implant site	0 = posterior teeth, 1 = anterior teeth	2.031	0.592	11.783	0.001	7.619	2.390-24.293
Alveolar bone quality classification (control = I)	(0 = I, 1 = II, 2 = III)	-	-	1.714	0.424	-	-
II		0.168	0.669	0.063	0.802	1.183	0.319-4.389
III		-0.694	0.667	1.082	0.298	0.499	0.135-1.847
Daily tooth-brushing frequency	0 ≥ 1, 1 ≤ 1	1.206	0.559	4.662	0.031	3.340	1.118-9.982
Tooth-brushing after meals	0 = no, 1 = yes	-0.645	0.557	1.344	0.246	0.524	0.176-1.562
Tooth-brushing duration	0 ≤ 3, 1 ≥ 3	-2.746	0.602	20.824	0.000	0.064	0.020-0.209

HR: Hazard ratio.

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Citation: Li ZY, Yu HY, Liang H. Analysis of inflammatory response and its factors after dental implant surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(10): 110140
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i10/110140.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.110140