Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Sep 15, 2024; 15(9): 1903-1915
Published online Sep 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i9.1903
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants
Item
mean ± SD/n (%)
Age (year)55.60 ± 10.03
SBP (mmHg)136.98 ± 20.75
DBP (mmHg)82.92 ± 10.90
Height (cm)161.72 ± 8.16
Weight (kg)62.91 ± 10.83
BMI (kg/m2)23.99 ± 3.07
Duration of diabetes (year)12.27 ± 6.80
Visual acuity (logMAR)0.73 ± 0.53
IOP (mmHg)16.28 ± 4.16
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)7.40 ± 2.87
Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L)8.47 ± 4.39
Serum creatinine, µmol/L145.98 ± 182.39
eGFR (mL/minutes × 1.73 m2)66.95 ± 30.47
Uric acid (mmol/L)377.59 ± 87.59
Triglyceride (mmol/L)1.50 ± 0.75
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)4.60 ± 1.19
HDL-C (mmol/L)1.31 ± 0.41
LDL-C (mmol/L)2.68 ± 1.02
HbA1c (%)7.73 ± 1.74
Ocular axial length (mm)23.17 ± 0.99
CMT (μm)283.76 ± 122.66
SFCT (μm)264.70 ± 83.28
Gender
    Female99 (42.31)
    Male135 (57.69)
Education level
    Junior high school or below147 (63.64)
    Senior high school40 (17.32)
    College or above44 (19.05)
Hypertension history
    No126 (53.85)
    Yes108 (46.15)
Diabetic nephropathy history
    No188 (80.34)
    Yes46 (19.66)
Stroke history
    No222 (94.87)
    Yes12 (5.13)
Anemia history
    No162 (69.23)
    Yes72 (30.77)
Heart disease history
    No222 (94.87)
    Yes12 (5.13)
PRP
    None111 (47.44)
    Partial43 (18.38)
    Whole80 (34.19)
Anti-VEGF therapy
    No175 (74.79)
    Yes59 (25.21)
Insulin treatment
    No113 (48.29)
    Yes121 (51.71)
Oral glucose-lowering drugs
    No59 (25.21)
    Yes175 (74.79)
Calcium antagonists
    No183 (78.54)
    Yes50 (21.46)
Table 2 Univariate linear regression analysis of subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements by enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography

β, 95%CI
P value
Male vs female31.08 (9.81 to 52.36)0.0046
Age, per 1-year increase-2.44 (-3.46 to -1.42)< 0.0001
Education level
    Junior high school or belowReference
    Senior high school-19.95 (-48.87 to 8.97)0.1778
    College or above2.39 (-25.48 to 30.26)0.8666
SBP, per 1 mmHg increase0.42 (-0.11 to 0.95)0.1222
DBP, per 1 mmHg increase1.27 (0.26 to 2.27)0.0141
Height, per 1 cm increase1.74 (0.41 to 3.08)0.0111
Weight, per 1 cm increase1.17 (0.17 to 2.17)0.0234
BMI, per 1 kg/m2 increase1.96 (-1.63 to 5.55)0.2865
Duration of diabetes, per 1-year increase-0.40 (-1.99 to 1.20)0.6269
Hypertension vs absent-2.97 (-24.42 to 18.48)0.7862
Diabetic nephropathy history vs absent40.23 (13.83 to 66.64)0.0031
Stroke history vs absent2.07 (-46.41 to 50.55)0.9333
Anemia vs absent12.80 (-10.31 to 35.91)0.2788
Heart disease vs absent-19.42 (-67.84 to 28.99)0.4325
PRP
    NoneReference
    Partial4.02 (-24.99 to 33.03)0.7861
    Whole31.00 (7.32 to 54.69)0.0109
Anti-VEGF therapy vs absent30.55 (6.24 to 54.86)0.0145
Insulin vs absent23.81 (2.63 to 44.99)0.0286
Oral glucose-lowering drugs vs absent-28.96 (-53.31 to -4.62)0.0205
Calcium antagonists vs absent40.49 (14.86 to 66.13)0.0022
Visual acuity, per 1 LogMAR increase-12.24 (-32.49 to 8.01)0.2374
IOP, per 1 mmHg increase2.27 (-0.32 to 4.86)0.0876
Fasting blood glucose, per 1 mmol/L increase-2.34 (-6.06 to 1.39)0.2201
Serum urea nitrogen, per 1 mmol/L increase1.63 (-0.81 to 4.06)0.1910
Serum creatinine, per 1 μmol/L increase0.08 (0.02 to 0.14)0.0092
eGFR, per 1 mL/minutes × 1.73m2 increase-0.15 (-0.50 to 0.20)0.3938
Uric acid, per 1 mmol/L-0.01 (-0.14 to 0.11)0.8322
Triglyceride, per 1 mmol/L increase-3.01 (-24.36 to 18.34)0.7828
Total cholesterol, per 1 mmol/L increase-16.08 (-29.25 to -2.91)0.0181
HDL-C, per 1 mmol/L increase-42.66 (-81.44 to -3.89)0.0329
LDL-C, per 1 mmol/L increase-15.27 (-30.72 to 0.17)0.0548
HbA1c, per 1 % increase-5.36 (-16.77 to 6.04)0.3590
CMT, per 1 μm increase0.02 (-0.06 to 0.11)0.5839
Ocular axial length, per 1 mm increase-18.57 (-34.96 to -2.18)0.0282
Table 3 Relationship between age and subfoveal choroidal thickness in different models
ExposureModel I
Model II
Model III
β (95%CI)
P value
β (95%CI)
P value
β (95%CI)
P value
Age (year)-2.23 (-3.29 to -1.18)< 0.0001-1.96 (-3.03 to -0.90)0.0004-1.68 (-2.97 to -0.39)0.0117
Table 4 Non-linearity addressed by a two-piecewise linear regression model
For exposure: Age
SFCT (μm)
Outcome, Model
β
95%CI
P value
Fitting model by standardized linear regression-1.68-2.97 to -0.390.0117
Fitting model by two-piecewise linear regression
Inflection point of age54.00
    ≤ 542.00-0.16 to 4.170.0712
    > 54-4.89 -6.87 to -2.90< 0.0001
Log likelihood ratio test< 0.0010
Table 5 Results of stratified analysis between age and subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Y = SFCT, μm
n
β, 95%CI
P value
Gender
    Female99-0.38 (-2.39 to 1.64)0.7157
    Male135-2.63 (-4.51 to -0.74)0.0074
Hypertension history
    No126-1.19 (-2.65 to 0.27)0.1137
    Yes108-3.27 (-5.42 to -1.12)0.0037
Education level
    Junior high school or below147-2.13 (-3.90 to -0.36)0.0198
    Senior high school40-0.72 (-4.44 to 3.00)0.7086
    College or above44-2.09 (-5.23 to 1.06)0.2054
Diabetic nephropathy history
    No188-1.76 (-3.06 to -0.46)0.0089
    Yes46-1.29 (-6.51 to 3.94)0.6341
Stroke history
    No222-1.48 (-2.80 to -0.16)0.0294
    Yes12Not applicable
Heart disease history
    No222-1.61 (-2.90 to -0.32)0.0153
    Yes12Not applicable
Anemia history
    No162-2.62 (-4.15 to -1.08)0.0011
    Yes721.16 (-1.62 to 3.93)0.4176
PRP
    None1110.05 (-1.78 to 1.87)0.9602
    Partial43-3.64 (-6.62 to -0.66)0.0257
    Whole80-4.56 (-7.00 to -2.11)0.0006
Anti-VEGF therapy
    No175-1.03 (-2.56 to 0.50)0.1891
    Yes59-3.95 (-6.57 to -1.32)0.0055
Insulin treatment
    No113-1.16 (-2.82 to 0.49)0.1711
    Yes121-2.34 (-4.42 to -0.25)0.0304
Oral glucose-lowering drugs
    No59-2.85 (-5.15 to -0.56)0.0180
    Yes175-2.13 (-3.27 to -0.99)0.0003
Calcium antagonists
    No183-1.27 (-2.56 to 0.02)0.0550
    Yes50-3.00 (-7.47 to 1.48)0.1993
Total cholesterol group (mmol/L)
    < 6.22119-1.78 (-3.74 to 0.18)0.0788
    ≥ 6.2212Not applicable
eGFR group (mL/minutes × 1.73 m2)
    < 3030-3.83 (-8.33 to 0.68)0.1198
    ≥ 30, < 6061-3.45 (-7.12 to 0.22)0.0719
    ≥ 60, < 9081-1.47 (-4.21 to 1.27)0.2976
    ≥ 90620.11 (-1.87 to 2.08)0.9161