Sarcopenia-associated factors and their bone mineral density levels in middle-aged and elderly male type 2 diabetes patients

Table 1 General characteristics between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and controls

	T2DM (n = 196)	Control (n = 60)	t	P value
Age (years)	72.06 ± 4.87	71.82 ± 4.28	0.349	0.723
Course of diabetes mellitus (years)	15.24 ± 2.08	-
BMI (kg/m2)	24.58 ± 2.47	25.04 ± 2.45	1.261	0.208
FBG (mmol/L)	9.69 ± 2.30	5.34 ± 0.60	14.49	< 0.0001
HbA1c (%)	9.14 ± 1.78	5.64 ± 0.85	14.74	< 0.0001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.27 ± 1.39	4.64 ± 1.03	1.897	0.059
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.73 ± 0.81	1.84 ± 0.61	0.967	0.335
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	1.13 ± 0.30	1.26 ± 0.26	2.907	0.004
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	2.51 ± 0.92	2.86 ± 0.67	2.662	0.008
25(OH)D3 (ng/mL)	21.87 ± 7.85	31.42 ± 9.33	7.875	< 0.0001
Femoral neck BMD	0.76 ± 0.13	0.79 ± 0.12	1.469	0.143
Total hip BMD	0.87 ± 0.14	0.95 ± 0.11	3.855	0.0001
Lumbar spine L1-4 BMD	0.91 ± 0.20	0.97 ± 0.16	1.612	0.108

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMD: Bone mineral density; BMI: Body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin.

Table 2 Comparison between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without sarcopenia

	Sarcopenia group (n = 51)	Non-sarcopenia group (n = 145)	t	P value
Age (years)	71.41 ± 4.87	72.29 ± 4.87	1.108	0.269
Course of diabetes mellitus (years)	16.84 ± 3.31	14.68 ± 0.91	7.130	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)	23.11 ± 2.1	25.10 ± 2.36	5.263	< 0.0001
FBG (mmol/L)	9.59 ± 2.31	9.72 ± 2.30	0.369	0.712
HbA1c (%)	9.14 ± 1.71	9.15 ± 1.81	0.010	0.992
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.99 ± 1.24	4.37 ± 1.43	1.668	0.097
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.54 ± 0.73	1.80 ± 0.83	1.239	0.217
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	1.09 ± 0.25	1.15 ± 0.32	1.153	0.250
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	2.42 ± 0.86	2.55 ± 0.94	0.884	0.378
25(OH)D3 (ng/mL)	19.17 ± 6.39	22.82 ± 8.11	2.917	0.004

BMI: Body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin.

Table 3 Comparison of body composition and functional indexes

	Sarcopenia group (n = 51)	Non-sarcopenia group (n = 145)	t	P value
BMI (kg/m2)	23.11 ± 2.1	25.10 ± 2.36	5.263	< 0.0001
ASM (kg)	19.10 ± 1.60	23.42 ± 2.73	10.66	< 0.0001
ASMI (kg/m2)	6.50 ± 0.48	8.28 ± 0.52	21.44	< 0.0001
Left-hand grip strength (kg)	25.45 ± 4.03	37.68 ± 4.82	16.23	< 0.0001
Right-hand grip strength (kg)	26.45 ± 2.72	39.02 ± 4.76	17.86	< 0.0001
Gait speed (m/s)	0.60 ± 0.16	1.27 ± 0.16	25.91	< 0.0001
Upper limb muscle mass (kg)	4.82 ± 0.45	5.93 ± 0.75	10.02	< 0.0001
Lower limb muscle mass (kg)	15.13 ± 1.28	17.74 ± 1.57	10.68	< 0.0001
Upper limb fat mass (kg)	2.58 ± 0.49	3.00 ± 0.47	5.398	< 0.0001
Lower limb fat mass (kg)	4.57 ± 1.25	5.59 ± 1.49	4.398	< 0.0001

BMI: Body mass index; ASM: Appendicular skeletal muscle; ASMI: Appendicular skeletal muscle index.

Table 4 Correlation between bone mineral density and function in different body parts of diabetic patients

	Femoral neck		Total hip		Lumbar spine L1-4
	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
ASM (kg)	0.348	< 0.0001	0.309	< 0.0001	0.422	< 0.0001
ASMI (kg/m2)	0.557	< 0.0001	0.407	< 0.0001	0.582	< 0.0001
Left-hand grip strength (kg)	0.487	< 0.0001	0.398	< 0.0001	0.557	< 0.0001
Right-hand grip strength (kg)	0.453	< 0.0001	0.455	< 0.0001	0.598	< 0.0001
Gait speed (m/s)	0.538	< 0.0001	0.455	< 0.0001	0.612	< 0.0001
Upper limb muscle mass (kg)	0.438	< 0.0001	0.246	0.0005	0.368	< 0.0001
Lower limb muscle mass (kg)	0.447	< 0.0001	0.356	< 0.0001	0.449	< 0.0001
Upper limb fat mass (kg)	0.264	0.0002	0.155	0.030	0.233	0.001
Lower limb fat mass (kg)	0.196	0.006	0.114	0.111	0.296	< 0.0001

ASM: Appendicular skeletal muscle; ASMI: Appendicular skeletal muscle index.

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of sarcopenia in diabetic patients

Factors	β	SE	Wald	P value	HR	95%CI
DM course (> 14.8)	1.719	0.594	8.386	0.004	5.580	1.743-17.866
BMI (≤ 24.8)	1.275	0.602	4.480	0.034	3.577	1.099-11.644
25(OH)D3 (≤ 21.58)	0.362	0.580	0.389	0.533	1.436	0.461-4.475
Femoral neck BMD (≤ 0.76)	2.610	0.703	13.776	0.000	13.594	3.427-53.929
Total hip BMD (≤ 0.86)	2.457	0.662	13.785	0.000	11.668	3.190-42.682
Lumbar spine L1-4 BMD (≤ 0.92)	4.049	0.876	21.383	0.000	57.331	10.306-318.929
Constant	-9.480	1.470	40.613	0.000	0.000	-

DM: Diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; HR: Hazard ratio; BMD: Bone mineral density.