What’s old is new again: Insights into diabetic foot microbiome

Table 1 Examples of anti-biofilm and anti-virulence agents against the most prevalent diabetic foot infections bacterial pathogens

Agent	Target microbe	Ref.
Bacteriophages
vB_SauM_ME18 vB_SauM_ME126	S. aureus	[246]
Bacteriophage K	S. aureus	[247]
pSp-J and pSp-S	Staphylococcus spp.	[248]
Staphylococcus bacteriophage K	S. epidermidis	[249]
Bacteriophage cocktail	P. aeruginosa	[250]
Pseudomonas Phage	P. aeruginosa	[251]
vB_EcoS-Golestan	E. coli	[252]
Lytic bacteriophage cocktail	P. mirabilis, E. coli	[253]
Bacteriophage cocktail	P. mirabilis	[254]
vB_PmiS-TH	P. mirabilis	[255]
PhiS1	P. aeruginosa	[256]
PhiE2005-A	P. aeruginosa	[257]
Lytic bacteriophage	K. pneumonia	[258]
Anti-biofilm and Anti-virulence agents
Sitagliptin (anti-diabetic)	P. aeruginosa	[46,235,259]
	S. aureus	[46]
Linagliptin	P. aeruginosa	[238]
Metformin (anti-diabetic)	P. aeruginosa	[45,236]
Diclofenac (analgesic)	P. mirabilis	[239]
Metronidazole (antibacterial)	P. mirabilis	[260]
Fluoxetine (antipsychotics)	P. mirabilis	[261,262]
Thioridazine (antipsychotics)
Penfluridol (antipsychotics)	E. faecalis	[263]
Terazosin (adrenoreceptor blockers)	P. aeruginosa	[231,264]
Prazosin (adrenoreceptor blockers)	P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis	[48,265,266]
Metoprolol (adrenoreceptor blockers)	P. aeruginosa, S. enterica	[233,267]
Atenolol (adrenoreceptor blockers)	P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis
Allopurinol (anti-gout)	P. aeruginosa	[47]
Azithromycin (antibiotic)	P. aeruginosa	[268]
Ciprofloxacin (antibiotic)	S. enterica	[269]
Resveratrol (anticancer)	S. aureus	[270]
	E. coli	[271]
Ribavirin (antiviral)	C. albicans	[272]
Theophylline (bronchodilator)	C. albicans	[273]
Stolon (fenugreek)	P. aeruginosa	[232]
Garlic extract	P. aeruginosa	[274]
Allicin (garlic)	P. mirabilis	[275]
Carvacrol (oregano)	P. aeruginosa	[276]
Emodin (Polygonum cuspidatum)	S. aureus	[277]
	C. albicans	[278]
Curcumin (curcuma)	Acinetobacter baumannii	[279]
	C. albicans, P. mirabilis
Tannic acid	E. coli	[280]
Sodium citrate	P. aeruginosa	[281]
Isolimonic acid (citrus fruits)	E. coli	[282]
Zingerone (ginger)	P. aeruginosa	[283]

S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; S. epidermidis; Staphylococcus epidermidis; P. aeruginosa; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; E. coli: Escherichia coli; P. mirabilis: Proteus mirabilis; K. pneumonia: Klebsiella pneumonia; E. faecalis: Enterococcus faecalis; S. enterica: Salmonella enterica; C. albicans: Candida albicans.