Association between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A substitutes and diabetes in adults

doi:10.4239/wjd.v13.i7.521

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 13, Issue 7

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (5140)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, WORD series, HTML series, Tables (1-7) series.

Item

Count

PDF

231

WORD

149

HTML

2638

Tables (1-7)

291

Sum=3309

Featured Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

207

Download

741

Sum=948

Publishing Process of This Article

Item

Count

Browse

282

Download

601

Sum=883

Jul 15, 2022 (publication date) through Nov 29, 2024

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (6)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Diabetes

ISSN

1948-9358

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2022; 13(7): 521-531
Published online Jul 15, 2022. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i7.521

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of main variables analyzed in individuals of group 1 (diabetes)

	Non-diabetic	Diabetic
n	3017	641
Age	41.11 (40.48-41.75)	58.33 (57.15-59.53)^d
Gender, % of men	46.6	51
BMI, kg/m²	27.82 (27.6-28.04)	31.4 (30.86-31.94)^d
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	98.08 (97.56-98.6)	149.6 (144.4-154.9)^d
HbA1c, %	5.41 (5.40-5.43)	7.26 (7.14-7.39)^d
Cotinine, serum, ng/mL	0.28 (0.24-0.31)	0.18 (0.13-0.24)^a
Smoker, %	42.5	50.2
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	121 (120.4-121.6)	130.2 (128.7-131.7)^d
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	68.86 (68.42-69.31)	68.21 (67.17-69.26)
Hypertension, %	36.1	71.9
Dyslipidemia, %	35	66.6
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	187.4 (186-188.9)	180.7 (177.2-184.2)^c
Bisphenol F, µg/g creatinine	0.41 (0.39-0.43)	0.43 (0.38-0.48)
Bisphenol S, µg/g creatinine	0.5 (0.48-0.52)	0.59 (0.53-0.64)^b

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

^dP < 0.0001.

The results are expressed as percentages (%) or as geometric mean (95%CI). BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of main variables analyzed in individuals of group 2 (bisphenol S)

BPS quartile	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
n	915	911	894	938
Age	42.88 (41.65-44.14)	42.42 (41.22-43.65)	44.5 (43.32-45.72)	45.8 (43.89-46.3)^d
Gender, % of men	56.3	49.7	42.8	40.6
BMI, kg/m²	27.76 (27.36-28.17)	28.41 (27.99-28.83)	28.94 (28.51-29.38)^c	28.57 (28.15-29)^a
Diabetes mellitus, %	15.3	16.6	18.1	20
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	103.7 (101.8-105.8)	104.5 (102.4-106.6)	108.2 (105.5-111)	108.8 (106.3-111.5)^a
HbA1c, %	5.62 (5.57-5.68)	5.66 (5.61-5.72)	5.75 (5.69-5.81)	5.78 (5.71-5.85)
Smoker, %	43.6	44.8	42.4	44.5
Cotinine, serum, ng/mL	0.24 (0.19-0.32)	0.27 (0.21-0.35)	0.24 (0.18-0.31)	0.27 (0.21-0.35)
Hypertension, %	39	40.6	43.4	46.3
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	120.6 (119.5-121.7)	123.1 (122-124.2)	122.5 (121.4-123.7)	123.9 (122.7-125.1)
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	68.31 (67.5-69.13)	69.36 (68.52-70.21)	69.18 (68.37-69.99)	68.18 (67.37-69)
Dyslipidemia, %	39.3	40.6	40.8	41.5
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	184.3 (131.6-187)	184.7 (182-187.3)	187.7 (184.9-190.5)	188.3 (185.7-190. 9)
Bisphenol F, µg/g creatinine	0.37 (0.34-0.41)	0.43 (0.39-0.47)^a	0.41 (0.38-0.45)	0.45 (0.41-0.49)^b

^aP < 0.05, significant differences with respect to group Q1.

^bP < 0.01, significant differences with respect to group Q1.

^cP < 0.001, significant differences with respect to group Q1.

^dP < 0.05, significant differences between Q2 and Q4.

The results are expressed as percentages (%) or as geometric mean (95%CI). BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BPS: Bisphenol S; BPF: Bisphenol F.

Table 3 Descriptive statistics of main variables analyzed in individuals of group 3 (bisphenol F)

BPF quartile	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
n	912	912	922	912
Age	41.22 (40.04-42.42)	44.81 (43.59-46.06)^c	45.22 (44.02-46.46)^d	43.69 (42.5-44.92)^a
Gender, % of men	58.2	44.5	43.7	43
BMI, kg/m²	29.04 (28.61-29.48)	28.01 (27.6-28.43)^b	28.04 (27.63-28.45)^b	28.59 (28.16-29.02)
Diabetes mellitus, %	17.1	19.7	16.4	16.9
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	108.3 (105.9-110.7)	106.2 (103.9-108.6)	104.7 (102.6-106.9)	105.6 (5.63-5.75)
HbA1c, %	5.7 (5.64-5.75)	5.74 (5.68-5.81)	5.69 (5.63-5.75)	5.69 (5.63-5.75)
Smoker, %	38.6	40.9	46.4	49.3
Cotinine, serum, ng/mL	0.18 (0.14-0.23)	0.19 (0.15-0.25)	0.29 (0.22-0.38)	0.43 (0.33-0.57)^c^,^e^,^f
Hypertension, %	39.7	42	43.3	44.4
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	121.9 (120.9-123.1)	122.9 (121.8-124.1)	123 (121.8-124.1)	122.3 (121.1-123.5)
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	68.73 (67.93-69.53)	68.53 (67.76-69.31)	68.79 (67.94-69.64)	68.95 (68.1-69.82)
Dyslipidemia, %	37.6	41	43.4	40.2
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	185.3 (182.2-187.9)	186.9 (184.1-189.8)	186.7 (184.1-189.4)	185-9 (183.3-188.6)
BPS, µg/g creatinine	0.48 (0.44-0.51)	0.5 (0.46-0.54)	0.55 (0.51-0.59)	0.54 (0.50-0.58)

^aP < 0.05, significant differences with respect to group Q1.

^bP < 0.01, significant differences with respect to group Q1.

^cP < 0.001, significant differences with respect to group Q1.

^dP < 0.0001, significant differences with respect to group Q1.

^eP < 0.05, significant differences between Q2 and Q4.

^fP < 0.05, significant differences between Q3 and Q4.

The results are expressed as percentages (%) or as geometric mean (95%CI). BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BPS: Bisphenol S; BPF: Bisphenol F.

Table 4 Simple linear regression with hemoglobin A1c and fasting glucose

	HbA1c			Fasting glucose
Variable	Adjusted R²	β₀	β	Adjusted R²	β₀	β
¹BPS	0.005^d	5.835^d	0.069^d	0.006^c	111.69^d	2.48^d
¹BPF	0.000	5.795	0.006	0.000	109.65	-0.39

^cP < 0.001.

^dP < 0.0001.

¹Log transformed.

HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BPS: Bisphenol S; BPF: Bisphenol F.

Table 5 Association between phenols and diabetes

	Diabetes
Variable	OR (95%CI)	P value
¹BPS (1)	1.115 (1.038-1.196)	0.003
¹BPS (2)	1.109 (1.026-1.198)	0.009
¹BPS (3)	1.099 (1.016-1.188)	0.018
¹BPF (1)	1.020 (0.961-1.083)	0.513
¹BPF (2)	1.005 (0.941-1.072)	0.890
¹BPF (3)	0.991 (0.928-1.059)	0.795

¹Log-transformed.

(1) Individual; (2) Corrected for age, sex, and body mass index; and (3) Corrected for the above parameters and smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. OR: Odds ratio; BPS: Bisphenol S; BPF: Bisphenol F.

Table 6 Association between diabetes and bisphenol S or F quartile

	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
Variable	Ref.	OR (95% CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
¹Diabetes (1)	Ref.	1.1 (0.86-1.41)	1.23 (0.96-1.57)	1.39 (1.09-1.77)^c
¹Diabetes (2)	Ref.	1.11 (0.85-1.46)	1.14 (0.87-1.48)	1.32 (1.01-1.71)^a
¹Diabetes (3)	Ref.	1.09 (0.83-1.43)	1.12 (0.86-1.47)	1.28 (0.99-1.67)
²Diabetes (1)	Ref.	1.19 (0.94-1.51)	0.95 (0.74-1.21)	0.98 (0.77-1.26)
²Diabetes (2)	Ref.	1.16 (0.90-1.51)	0.88 (0.68-1.15)	0.94 (0.72-1.23)
²Diabetes (3)	Ref.	1.17 (0.90-1.52)	0.86 (0.66-1.13)	0.92 (0.70-1.20)

^aP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.001.

¹Bisphenol S (group 2).

²Bisphenol F (group 3).

(1) Individual; (2) Corrected for age, sex, and body mass index; and (3) Corrected for the above parameters and smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. OR: Odds ratio.

Table 7 Association between hypertension or dyslipidemia and bisphenol S or F

	Hypertension		Dyslipidemia
Variable	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
¹BPS (1)	1.12 (1.06-1.18)	0.000	0.99 (0.99-1.11)	0.099
¹BPS (2)	1.09 (1.02-1.17)	0.007	1.02 (0.95-1.08)	0.607
¹BPS (3)	1.08 (1.01-1.16)	0.017	0.99 (0.937-1.065)	0.980
¹BPF (1)	1.07 (1.02-1.12)	0.005	1.05 (1.005-1.1)	0.03
¹BPF (2)	1.06 (1.001-1.12)	0.044	1.04 (0.98-1.1)	0.168
¹BPF (3)	1.04 (0.99-1.11)	0.136	1.03 (0.98-1.09)	0.274

¹Log-transformed.

(1) Individual; (2) Corrected for age, sex, and body mass index; and (3) Corrected for the above parameters and smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. OR: Odds ratio.

Citation: Moreno-Gómez-Toledano R, Vélez-Vélez E, Arenas MI, Saura M, Bosch RJ. Association between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A substitutes and diabetes in adults. World J Diabetes 2022; 13(7): 521-531
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v13/i7/521.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i7.521