Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and chemokine administration - a combination with potential therapeutic value for treating diabetic wounds

Table 1 Notable chemokines and their function at different stages of wound healing with their relative expression in normal vs diabetic condition

Chemokine	Stage	Function	Role	Relative expression in normal wound	Relative expression in diabetic wound
CXCL4/platelet factor 4	Hemostasis	Angiostatic	Inhibition of VEGF-induced VEC proliferation	+++	+
CCL2	Inflammation	Macrophage recruitment	Activation of P38MAPK pathway	+++	++++
CCL5	Inflammation	Eosinophil recruitment	PKB phosphorylation to induce apoptosis	+++	++
CXCL8	Hemostasis & inflammation	Neutrophil recruitment	Phagocytosis	+++	+
CCL3	Proliferation	Macrophage polarization	ECM formation	+++	Unknown
CXCL11	Proliferation	Angiostatic	Basement membrane regeneration	+	Unknown
CXCL12	Proliferation	Granulation tissue formation	Unknown	++	NA
CCL2	Proliferation	Type-I collagen deposition	Upregulation of MMP-1	+++	NA

+: Denotes minor increase in expression; ++: Denotes moderate increase in expression; +++: Denotes large increase in expression; NA: Not available; CXCL: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; CCL: Chemokine ligands; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEC: Vascular endothelial cells; MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; PKB: Protein kinase B; ECM: Extra cellular matrix; MMP: Matrix metallopeptidase.