Minireviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2021; 12(4): 420-436
Published online Apr 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i4.420
Table 1 Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with metabolically healthy obese phenotype
Nearest gene
SNPs
Ref.
ADIPOQrs2241766Berezina et al[31] and Chang et al[32]
MC4Rrs2331841Gao et al[29]
LTFrs2239692Jamka et al[30]
FTOrs1121980Gharooi Ahangar et al[27]
TCF7L2rs7903146Gharooi Ahangar et al[27]
SLC39A8rs13107325Gharooi Ahangar et al[27]
RTP4rs9028, rs9843429Schlauch et al[26]
CDH18rs1022207, rs2967027Schlauch et al[26]
FST/LOC257396rs37785, rs10461563Schlauch et al[26]
FSTL4/WSPARrs7719102, rs4246020Schlauch et al[26]
LOC107986637rs11753543, rs9384860Schlauch et al[26]
TRPS1rs2245221, rs2737214, rs2737215Schlauch et al[26]
DLG2rs7131460, rs12275254Schlauch et al[26]
TOX2rs766622, rs6065690, rs6093921Schlauch et al[26]
FAM19A2/SLC16A7rs4143650, rs6581305Schlauch et al[26]
LOC101927367/LOC105371833rs11079177, rs12601773Schlauch et al[26]
LOC105371989 rs206549, rs206547Schlauch et al[26]
LOC107986666rs9295227, rs9458896, rs6928576, rs6902153, rs10945918, rs7748991, rs9356148Schlauch et al[26]
Table 2 Studies investigating genome-wide gene expression levels in metabolically healthy obese individuals
Biological material
Method
Study design
Sample size
Metabolic health definition
Main findings
Ref.
Whole bloodRNA-seqMHO vs MUO8/21All conditions must be met: BP ≤ 130/85 mmHg, no medication; FPG ≤ 100 mg/dL, no medication; HOMA-IR ≤ 5.1; TG/HDL ≤ 1.65 for males, TG/HDL ≤ 1.32 for females; hsCRP ≤ 0.3 mg/dLEnrichment in pathways: EIF2 signaling, eIF4 and p70S6K signaling, mTOR signaling. Enrichment in GO terms related to mRNA translation processes. Ribosomal protein genes among top differentially genesGaye et al[34]
Whole bloodRNA-seqMHO vs MUO8/8No MetS, according to harmonized MetS definitionEnrichment in pathways: granulocyte/agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, coagulation system, intrinsic prothrombin activation pathway, atherosclerosis signaling, integrin signaling, binding and aggregation of blood cellsPaczkowska-Abdulsalam et al[35]
Whole bloodRNA-seqMHO vs MHNW8/8No MetS, according to harmonized MetS definitionEnrichment in pathways: EIF2 signaling, eIF4 and p70S6K signaling, mTOR signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular/arterial diseasePaczkowska-Abdulsalam et al[35]
PBMCsMicroarrayMHO vs MHNW17/15No MetS, according to NCEP ATP III MetS definitionEnrichment in pathways: carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, cell morphology, death and survival, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cellular development, movement, growth and proliferationde Luis et al[36]
aSATMicroarrayMHO vs MUO16/14MHO group identified through unsupervised hierarchical clustering of 1595 obesity-associated transcriptsEnrichment in pathways: complement system, TREM1 signaling, IL-8 signaling, actin cytoskeleton signaling, vascular disease, occlusion of arteryDas et al[37]
Table 3 Different expression of micro-RNAs identified in metabolically healthy obese individuals
miRNA
Upregulation/ Downregulation
Sample size (MHO/MHNW)
Biological material
Ref.
MHO vs MHNW
hsa-miR-50016/6PlasmaYang et al[47]
hsa-miR-4541
hsa-miR-142
hsa-miR-320a1
hsa-miR-107
hsa-miR-34a
hsa-miR-211
hsa-miR-99b
hsa-miR-148a1
hsa-miR-1261
MHO vs MUO
hsa-miR-223-3p10/10SerumDoumatey et al[48]
hsa-miR-374a-5p1
hsa-miR-10b-5p
hsa-miR-26b-5p
hsa-let-7d-3p
hsa-miR-29a-3p
hsa-miR-342-3p
hsa-miR-16-2-3p
hsa-miR-50334/21SerumYue et al[49]
Table 4 Proteins with altered expression in metabolically healthy obese compared to metabolically unhealthy obese individuals
Biological material
Over-expressed
Under-expressed
Top enriched pathways
Ref.
SerumAPOB, AHSG, SERPINC1, APOA4, SERPING1, RBP4, ITIH2, GSN, HRG, ITIH1, GC, C7HBA1, HPR, HBB, CFB, ITIH4, CRP, PON1, C4ALXR/RXR activation, FXR/RXR activation, acute phase response signaling, complement system, atherosclerosis signaling, IL-12 signaling and production in macrophages, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in macrophages, clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling, extrinsic prothrombin activation pathway, intrinsic prothrombin activation pathway, coagulation systemDoumatey et al[58]
UrineRASN, IGHG2, K1C10, VTDBACOT2, ARL15, APC4, APC7, APOA1, DYH3, FIBA, C1GLT, HIX, ITIH4, KNG1, P3H2, AMBP, COO33, RET4, TRFE, ZFP2, ZN568, ZN655LXR/RXR activation, FXR/RXR activation, acute phase response signaling, clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling, atherosclerosis signaling, IL-12 signaling and production in macrophages, coagulation system, intrinsic prothrombin activation pathway, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in macrophages, systemic lupus erythematosus signalingBenabdelkamel et al[59]
VATANXA5, ACTG, ACTB, LEG1, GPDA, APOA1, CO6A1, SBP1, CATA, TO20L, BRE1A, RNA58, SOX21POTEE, SPTN4, GDIR1, TTHY, HSP1, PPIA, UPAR, PAI1, BLVRB, ERI2, YQ019death receptor signaling, coagulation system, acute phase response signaling, RhoGDI signaling, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress responseAlfadda et al[60]
Table 5 Differentially regulated pathways between metabolically healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy obese groups identified by metabolomics studies
Study
Chen et al[67], 2015
Zhong et al[68], 2017
Candi et al[71], 2018
Chashmniam et al[65], 2020
Biological materialPlasmaPlasmaVATSerum
MethodLC-MS, GC-MSLC-MS/MSLC-MS/MSNMR
MHO definitionNo MetS, according to NCEP ATP III MetS definitionNo MetS, according to harmonized MetS definitionNo MetS, according to NCEP ATP III MetS definitionNo MetS, according to NCEP ATP III MetS definition
MHO (n)34431821
MUO (n)34261821
Affected pathwaysFatty acid biosynthesis; Phenylalanine metabolism; Propanoate metabolism; Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; Pyrimidine metabolism; Citrate cycle (TCA cycle); Galactose metabolism; Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate; and Tryptophan metabolismPurine metabolism (i.e., urate); Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; Tryptophan metabolism; Cysteine and methionine metabolism; Lysine degradation; Pyrimidine metabolism; Arginine and proline metabolism; Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesisCeramide metabolism; Phosphatidylserine; Fatty acid, dicarboxylate; Glutathione metabolism; Lysoplasmalogen; Lysolipid; Aminosugar metabolism; Gamma-glutamyl amino acid; Pyrimidine metabolism, uracyl containing; Plasmalogen; Glycerolipid metabolism; Sphingolipid metabolism; Phopsholipid metabolism; Fructose, mannose, and galactose metabolismUrea cycle; Ammonia recycling; Aspartate metabolism; Glycine and serine metabolism; Glucose-alanine cycle; and Arginine and proline metabolism