Molecular insights into hyperglycemia-associated coronary heart disease: From glycemic variability and heart rate dynamics to long noncoding RNAs

Figure 1 Mechanistic pathway linking hyperglycemia to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease via oxidative stress and endothelial activation. It illustrates how hyperglycemia under stress conditions increases PSMB8-AS-1 expression, which then promotes vascular inflammation by upregulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 through interactions with NONO and PSMB9. This process facilitates blood cell adhesion, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque formation, ultimately leading to cardiovascular disease. ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.