Magnetic resonance imaging derived biomarkers for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance: A pilot study

Figure 1 Flowchart of subject recruitment. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; IR: Insulin resistance; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; HOMA: Homeostatic Model Assessment; PACS: Picture archiving and communication system.

Figure 2 Illustrations of the measurements. Blue squares represent the regions of interest in L4 and L5 vertebrae, and purple regions represent the paravertebral muscles. A: Sagittal T1-weighted imaging; B: R2* maps; C: T2* maps; D: Fat fraction; E: Diffusion tensor imaging.

Figure 3 Violin and box plots of vertebra feature distribution. A: L4 fat fraction; B: L5 fat fraction; C: L4 T2*; D: L5 T2*; E: L4 R2*; F: L5 R2*. Group 0: Control; Group 1: Type 2 diabetes mellitus without insulin resistance; Group 2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance.

Figure 4 Importance of features in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance. P: Psoas; E: Erector; M: Multifidus; IMCL/M: Intramyocellular lipid/muscle ratio; IMCL: Intramyocellular lipid; FMR: Fat–muscle ratio; FA: Fractional anisotropy; CSA: Cross-sectional area; WC: Waist circumstance; ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; FF: Fat fraction.