Advanced glycation end product signaling and metabolic complications: Dietary approach

Figure 1 Factors involved in accelerating advanced glycation end product formation and accumulation in the body. CEA: N7–(1-carboxyethyl)arginine; CEC: Carboxyethyl cysteine; CEL: N’-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine; CML: Carboxymethyl-lysine; MODIC: 2-ammonio-6-({2-[4-ammonio-5-oxido-5-oxopently)amino]4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H imidazol-5 ylidene}amino)hexanoate; MOLD: Methylglyoxal-lysine dimer; DODIC: N6-{2-{[(4S)-4-ammonio-5-oxido-5-oxopentyl]amino}-5-[(2S,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl]- 3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-ylidene}-L-lysinate; DOLD: 1,3-, di(N’-lysino)-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)-imidazolium.

Figure 2 Sources of dietary advanced glycation end products. CEL: Carboxyethyl-lysine; CML: Carboxymethyl-lysine; GO: Glyoxal; HMF: Hydroxymethylfurfural; MGO: Methylglyoxal.

Figure 3 Advanced glycation end products, advanced glycation end products receptor mediated pathways, production of cytokines, oxidative stress and organ involvement. AGEs: Advanced glycation end products; ERK: Extracellular signal regulated kinase; ISRE: Interferon-sensitive response element; JAK: Janus kinase; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; RAGE: Advanced glycation end products receptor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.