Effect of oligofructose on resistance to postoperative high-fat diet-induced damage of metabolism in diabetic rats after sleeve gastrectomy

Figure 1 Areas under the curves for oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and serum insulin levels. A: Areas under the curves for oral glucose tolerance test; B: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; C-F: Serum insulin levels measured during the oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and 2, 12, and 24 wk after surgery [^aP < 0.001, SHAM vs sleeve gastrectomy (SG); ^bP < 0.001, SHAM vs SG-oligofructose (SG-OF); ^cP < 0.001, SG vs SG-OF]. The concentration of insulin during the oral glucose tolerance test was analyzed using mixed model ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc comparison. The P value is shown in the rectangular frame. A statistically significant difference was considered at P < 0.05. AUC_OGTT: Areas under the curves for oral glucose tolerance test; SG-OF: Sleeve gastrectomy-oligofructose; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

Figure 2 Fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. A: Fasting serum triglyceride levels; B: Fasting serum cholesterol levels [^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.001, SHAM vs sleeve gastrectomy (SG); ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.001, SHAM vs SG-oligofructose (SG-OF); ^eP < 0.001, SG vs SG-OF]. A statistically significant difference was considered at P < 0.05. SG-OF: Sleeve gastrectomy-oligofructose.

Figure 3 Body weight and calorie intake. A: Body weight measured at baseline and 2, 12, and 24 wk after surgery; B: Calorie intake measured at baseline and 2, 12, and 24 wk after surgery [^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, SHAM vs sleeve gastrectomy (SG); ^dP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.001, SHAM vs SG-oligofructose (SG-OF); ^fP < 0.01, ^gP < 0.001, SG vs SG-OF]. A statistically significant difference was considered at P < 0.05. SG-OF: Sleeve gastrectomy-oligofructose.

Figure 4 Glucagon-like peptide 1, fasting serum lipopolysaccharide, and total bile acids levels. A-D: Fasting serum glucagon-like peptide 1 levels measured at baseline and 2, 12, and 24 wk after surgery. The P value is shown in a rectangular frame; E: Fasting serum lipopolysaccharide; F: Total bile acids [^aP < 0.01, ^bP < 0.001, SHAM vs sleeve gastrectomy (SG); ^cP < 0.001, SHAM vs SG-oligofructose (SG-OF); ^dP < 0.05, ^eP < 0.01, SG vs SG-OF]. A statistically significant difference was considered at P < 0.05. GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TBA: Total bile acids; SG-OF: Sleeve gastrectomy-oligofructose.

Figure 5 Gut microbiota. A: Bacteroidetes; B: Firmicutes; C: Bifidobacterium; D: Lactobacillus; E: Akkermansia_muciniphila. The relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia_muciniphila between groups were analyzed using the ANOVA and a statistically significant difference was considered at P < 0.05 (^aP < 0.001, SHAM vs sleeve gastrectomy (SG); ^bP < 0.001, SHAM vs SG-oligofructose (SG-OF); ^cP < 0.001, SG vs SG-OF). SG-OF: Sleeve gastrectomy-oligofructose.