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World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2023; 14(6): 795-807
Published online Jun 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.795
Diabetes and cognitive decline: Challenges and future direction
Norhamidar Ab-Hamid, Norsuhana Omar, Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail, Idris Long
Norhamidar Ab-Hamid, Idris Long, Biomedicine program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
Norsuhana Omar, Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
Author contributions: Long I and Ab-Hamid N prepared the manuscript; Ismail CAN and Omar N proofread this manuscript.
Supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, No. FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/USM/03/5.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors report having no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Idris Long, PhD, Academic Research, Senior Lecturer, Biomedicine program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital USM, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia. idriskk@usm.my
Received: December 25, 2022
Peer-review started: December 25, 2022
First decision: January 3, 2023
Revised: February 7, 2023
Accepted: May 6, 2023
Article in press: May 6, 2023
Published online: June 15, 2023
Processing time: 171 Days and 17.8 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: Diabetes can induce cognitive decline, a phenomenon attributed to fluctuations in glycemic status, macrovascular and microvascular disease, deterioration of insulin signaling, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, increases in advanced glycation end products, the effects of drugs used to treat diabetes, and diabetic autonomic dysfunction. Various animal models have been constructed to examine the pathophysiology of diabetes-induced cognitive decline.