Berezin AE. Early predictors of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(10): 112631 [PMID: 41113474 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.112631]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Alexander E Berezin, MD, PhD, FACC, FESC, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine-II, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 21 Strubergasse, Salzburg 5020, Austria. aeberezin@gmail.com
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Medicine, General & Internal
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Editorial
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This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Oct 15, 2025 (publication date) through Oct 22, 2025
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Journal Information of This Article
Publication Name
World Journal of Diabetes
ISSN
1948-9358
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
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Berezin AE. Early predictors of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(10): 112631 [PMID: 41113474 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.112631]
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2025; 16(10): 112631 Published online Oct 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.112631
Early predictors of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Alexander E Berezin
Alexander E Berezin, Department of Internal Medicine-II, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
Author contributions: Berezin AE is solely author of the manuscript who contributed to the study design, drafted the manuscript, made the figure, revised the final version of the manuscript, has reviewed and approved the manuscript and consented to its publication.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no conflicts of interests.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Alexander E Berezin, MD, PhD, FACC, FESC, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine-II, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 21 Strubergasse, Salzburg 5020, Austria. aeberezin@gmail.com
Received: August 4, 2025 Revised: August 18, 2025 Accepted: September 3, 2025 Published online: October 15, 2025 Processing time: 75 Days and 14 Hours
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) promotes a risk of the development of atherosclerosis and potentiates atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Among these patients, chronic hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation has been found as triggers for accelerating plaque formation. Additionally, conventionally used risk factors, such as age, overweight/obesity, hypertension, poor glycemic control, renal dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances frequently underestimate the patients at the risk of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Further interventions may be required to prevent vascular complications. To note, asymptomatic carotid plaque in T2DM is associated with older age, increased body mass index, biomarkers of poor glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose), kidney dysfunction [urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)], and metabolic abnormalities [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum uric acid (SUA)]. However, renal (UACR) and metabolic (SUA) biomarkers are likely to be investigated as promising biomarkers for early stage of asymptomatic coronary atherosclerosis, which as expecting could improve diagnostic value of intima-media thickness.
Core Tip: The integration of routinely used biomarkers of kidney dysfunction (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio) and metabolic abnormality (serum uric acid, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) to predictive model may be practically useful to pre-screen the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at higher risk of carotid atherosclerotic plaque.
