Emergency presentation predicts advanced pathological stage in colorectal cancer: An ordinal regression analysis

Table 1 Baseline, tumor, and pathological characteristics according to mode of presentation, n (%)

Variable	Emergency (n = 56)	Elective (n = 96)	P value
Age, years, mean ± SD	67.0 ± 11.5	67.2 ± 11.6	0.900
Male sex	31 (55.4)	52 (54.2)	1.000
ASA score, mean ± SD	3.07 ± 0.74	2.76 ± 0.71	0.012
Tumor localization			0.932
Right colon	18 (32.1)	33 (34.4)
Left colon	13 (23.2)	18 (18.8)
Sigmoid colon	3 (5.4)	9 (9.4)
Rectosigmoid	11 (19.6)	20 (20.8)
Rectum	4 (7.1)	6 (6.3)
Diffuse colon	7 (12.5)	10 (10.4)
Pathological stage			< 0.001
Stage I	1 (1.8)	20 (20.8)
Stage II	10 (17.9)	31 (32.3)
Stage III	19 (33.9)	35 (36.5)
Stage IV	26 (46.4)	10 (10.4)
Advanced stage (stage III-IV)	45 (80.4)	45 (46.9)	< 0.001
≥ 12 lymph nodes retrieved	46 (82.1)	88 (91.7)	0.136

Continuous variables were compared using Student’s t test, and categorical variables using Pearson χ² test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 2 Ordinal logistic regression analysis for pathological stage

Variable	aPOR	95%CI	P value
Emergency presentation	5.27	2.60-10.70	< 0.001
Age (per year)	1.01	0.98-1.04	0.412
Male sex	1.12	0.60-2.11	0.720
ASA score	1.41	1.05-1.90	0.022
Rectal/rectosigmoid localization	0.93	0.48-1.82	0.834

Model: Ordinal logistic regression (proportional odds). Outcome: Pathological stage (I-IV). Covariates: Age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and tumor localization (rectal/rectosigmoid vs other sites). The proportional odds assumption was satisfied. aPOR: Adjusted proportional odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 3 Postoperative outcomes according to mode of presentation, n (%)

Outcome	Emergency (n = 56)	Elective (n = 96)	P value
Any postoperative complication	28 (50.0)	26 (27.1)	0.008
Major complication (Clavien-Dindo ≥ III)	16 (28.6)	11 (11.5)	0.015
Anastomotic leakage	8 (14.3)	2 (2.1)	0.006
ICU admission	16 (28.6)	6 (6.3)	< 0.001
Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR)	10 (7-13.3)	6.5 (5-10)	< 0.001
Reoperation	3 (5.4)	0 (0)	0.048
Stoma formation	26 (46.4)	34 (35.4)	0.243
30-day mortality	4 (7.1)	4 (4.2)	0.467

Categorical variables were compared using Pearson χ² or Fisher’s exact test, and continuous variables using the Mann-Whitney U test. ICU: Intensive care unit; IQR: Interquartile range.