Association between physical activity and early-stage gastric cancer: A cross-sectional study of the Wuwei cohort

Table 1 Patient characteristics based on physical activity level, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Low (n = 628)	Moderate (n = 776)	High (n = 425)	P value
Age	52 ± 8	51 ± 8	51 ± 7	0.018
Male	334 (53.2)	387 (49.9)	233 (54.8)	0.210
Married	594 (94.6)	748 (96.4)	410 (96.5)	0.180
Illiteracy	112 (17.8)	97 (12.5)	61 (14.4)	0.019
Farmers	570 (90.8)	671 (86.5)	365 (85.9)	0.019
Household income1	2.0 (1.0-3.0)	2.0 (1.0-3.75)	2.0 (1.0-3.0)	0.130
Body mass index	23.9 ± 3.1	23.8 ± 3.0	23.9 ± 2.9	0.850
H. pylori infection status	294 (47.0)	330 (42.9)	193 (45.5)	0.310
Missing	1 (0.1)	7 (0.9)	2 (0.4)
Smoking				0.037
Never	392 (62.5)	520 (67.1)	253 (59.5)
Current	198 (31.6)	228 (29.4)	149 (35.1)
Ever	37 (5.9)	27 (3.5)	23 (5.4)
Missing	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)
Drinking2	25 (4.0)	25 (3.2)	21 (4.9)	0.330
Diet habits
Eating hot food	327 (52.1)	425 (54.8)	261 (61.4)	0.010
Eating quickly	157 (25.0)	129 (16.6)	92 (21.6)	< 0.001
Eating fried foods3	11 (1.8)	11 (1.4)	5 (1.2)	0.740
Average daily energy intake (kcal)	1325.8 (793.2-2015.2)	1319.8 (839.8-2053.9)	1700.4 (1129.5-2439.8)	< 0.001
Medical history
Gastritis	87 (13.9)	114 (14.7)	63 (14.8)	0.880
Peptic ulcers	9 (1.4)	9 (1.2)	12 (2.8)	0.084
Gallbladder diseases	73 (11.6)	94 (12.1)	54 (12.7)	0.870
Gastric polyps	14 (2.2)	8 (1.0)	16 (3.8)	0.006
Family history of gastric cancer	0 (0.0)	4 (0.5)	1 (0.2)	0.180

¹Annual family income in ten thousand Yuan.

²At least 1 time per week, each medium amount.

³At least 4 times a week.

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 2 Association between physical activity and high-grade dysplasia/early gastric cancer risk

Physical activity level	Model 13			Model 2			Model 3
	Case/control	OR (95%CI)	P value1	Case/control	OR (95%CI)	P value1	Case/control	OR (95%CI)	P value1
Low	75/553	Reference		75/550	Reference		75/550	Reference
Moderate	56/720	0.57 (0.40-0.82)	0.003	56/712	0.66 (0.45-0.98)	0.041	56/712	0.64 (0.43-0.95)	0.027
High	39/386	0.74 (0.50-1.12)	0.158	39/385	0.74 (0.47-1.15)	0.180	39/385	0.67 (0.43-1.05)	0.081
P for trend2									0.047

¹P value for comparison with low physical activity within each model (logistic regression).

²P for trend represents the P value for linear trend across physical activity tertiles in model 3.

³Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using logistic regression. Model 1 was unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, household income, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits (hot food, fast eating, fried food), body mass index, Helicobacter pylori infection, medical history (gastritis, peptic ulcer, gallbladder disease, gastric polyps), and family history of gastric cancer. Model 3 was additionally adjusted for total energy intake.

OR: Odds ratios; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Subgroup analyses of the association between physical activity and high-grade dysplasia/early gastric cancer risk

Physical activity level	Gender3				H. pylori status				Tumor location
		Case/control	OR (95%CI)	P value1		Case/control	OR (95%CI)	P value1		Case/control	OR (95%CI)	P value1
	Males				Positive				Cardia
Low		61/272	Reference			41/253	Reference			30/1647	Reference
Moderate		40/341	0.59 (0.37-0.95)	0.031		24/305	0.65 (0.35-1.18)	0.157		17/1647	0.44 (0.22-0.86)	0.016
High		28/204	0.58 (0.34-0.99)	0.047		14/179	0.40 (0.19-0.83)	0.015		6/1647	0.27 (0.10-0.68)	0.006
P for interaction2				0.110				0.029				< 0.001
	Females				Negative				Non-cardia
Low		14/278	Reference			34/297	Reference			45/1647	Reference
Moderate		16/371	0.87 (0.40-1.90)	0.725		32/407	0.73 (0.42-1.27)	0.264		39/1647	0.74 (0.46-1.18)	0.203
High		11/181	1.14 (0.48-2.75)	0.764		25/206	1.26 (0.68-2.33)	0.459		33/1647	0.93 (0.56-1.54)	0.774

¹P value for comparison with low physical activity within each stratum.

²P value for multiplicative interaction.

³Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. Models were adjusted for age, sex (except in sex-stratified analyses), marital status, education, occupation, household income, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, body mass index, Helicobacter pylori infection (except in Helicobacter pylori-stratified analyses), medical history, family history of gastric cancer, and total energy intake.

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; OR: Odds ratios; CI: Confidence interval.