Advancing precision medicine in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative gastric cancer: Insights from a novel nomogram for immunochemotherapy prognosis

Table 1 Comparison of recent nomograms for prognosis in advanced gastric cancer treated with immunotherapy

Ref.	Key factors included	Cohort size/type	Endpoints	Performance (C-index/AUC)	Strengths/Limitations
Yao et al[1], 2025	PD-L1, microsatellite instability, tumor-node-metastasis stage, differentiation, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte	200/retrospective, single-center	PFS (3/6 months), OS (12/15/18 months)	C-index: 0.78-0.82; AUC: 0.79-0.91	Integrates inflammation-nutrition; internal validation
Wang et al[18], 2024	IrAE, clinical characters	158/retrospective	OS	C-index: 0.72-0.76; AUC: 0.78-0.85	Includes immune-related adverse events; single-center
Zhao et al[19], 2021	Radiomics features for EBV prediction	120/retrospective, multi-database	EBV status (surrogate for prognosis)	AUC: 0.82-0.89	Noninvasive CT-based; limited to EBV
He et al[20], 2025	Circulating tumor DNA dynamics	85/prospective cohort	PFS/OS	AUC: 0.80-0.87	Dynamic monitoring; small sample
Fu et al[14], 2025	Delta radiomics, AI features	200/multicenter retrospective	PFS in stage IV	C-index: 0.75; AUC: 0.81-0.88	AI-powered; focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors

AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1; PFS: Progression-free survival; OS: Overall survival; IrAE: Immune-related adverse event; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; CT: Computed tomography; AI: Artificial intelligence.