Gastric cancer in patients with Helicobacter pylori-negative autoimmune gastritis

Table 1 Estimated factors to be considered as promoting gastric carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-negative autoimmune gastritis

Item	Related factors
Autoimmune gastritis related factors	Hypergastrinemia
	Bile acid reflux
	Advanced gastric mucosal atrophy
	Hypoacidity and the resultant overgrowth of bacteria
Non-autoimmune gastritis related factors predicted by Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer	Cigarette smoking
	Family history of gastric cancer

Table 2 Current prevailing definition of Helicobacter pylori-negative autoimmune gastritis

Definition
Exclusion of past medical history of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment
Exclusion of a current Helicobacter pylori infection as assessed by a multiple Helicobacter pylori test
Confirmation of absence of previous Helicobacter pylori infection as assessed by histologic findings of corpus predominant atrophy with sparing of the antrum