Prognostic prediction models for postoperative patients with stage I to III colorectal cancer based on machine learning

Table 1 Comparisons of the mean square error of the four regression methods

Regression methods	MSEs
	OS	DFS	RFS	DMFS
Subset regression method	0.3451435	0.2798500	0.2982825	0.2473204
Ridge regression method	0.3446552	0.2851649	0.3134211	0.2618467
LASSO regression method	0.3539798	0.2841859	0.3051014	0.2600286
LASSO cross-validation method	0.3594004	0.3240556	0.3087686	0.2833409

DFS: Disease-free survival; DMFS: Distant metastasis-free survival; LASSO: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; MSE: Mean square error; OS: Overall survival; RFS: Recurrence-free survival.

Table 2 Regression coefficients for each variable after ridge regression for overall survival, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression for recurrence-free survival

No.	Intercept	s1	s1
1	Sex	-0.018391078	0
2	Age	-0.038454863	0
3	BMI	0.021728968	-0.001371348
4	HP	0.004982681	0
5	DM	0.001375364	0.119909730
6	CHD	0.096041621	0
7	Smoking history	0.028673390	0
8	Drinking history	0.057936668	0.013536804
9	Family history of tumors	-0.006440690	0
10	Family history of gastrointestinal tumors	0.049916084	0
11	Serum CEA level	0.045104522	-0.043589364
12	Serum CRP level	-0.069915886	-0.026111125
13	Tumor position	0.001514524	0
14	Tumor differentiation grade	-0.295140732	0
15	Histological type	-0.109175968	-0.063182813
16	Tumor size	-0.063522898	0
17	PNI	-0.092586921	-0.031648909
18	LVI	-0.026426021	0
19	Lesion number	0.037347444	0
20	Ki-67 protein level	-0.163277916	-0.033951556
21	Operation method	0.055820722	0
22	LNR	0.040875360	-0.009499988
23	TNM stage	-0.150669578	0

BMI: Body mass index, CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CHD: Chronic heart disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HP: Hypertension; LNR: Lymph node ratio; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion; PNI: Perineural invasion; TNM: Tumor node metastasis.