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Publication Name
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
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1948-5204
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Meta-Analysis
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Dec 15, 2026; 18(12): 124379
Published online Dec 15, 2026. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.124379
Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of digestive system cancers: An umbrella review
Jun-Jie Yu, Li Zhu, Xiang-Peng Li, Lu-Ping Wang, Fan-Gang Meng, Wen-Xia Sui, Xiao-Jie Feng, Ying-Ying Sui, Ping Leng, Jun-Min Yu
Jun-Jie Yu, Li Zhu, Xiang-Peng Li, Lu-Ping Wang, Fan-Gang Meng, Wen-Xia Sui, Xiao-Jie Feng, Ying-Ying Sui, Ping Leng, Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
Jun-Min Yu, Department of Pain Treatment, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
Co-corresponding authors: Ping Leng and Jun-Min Yu.
Author contributions: Yu JJ, Zhu L, Li XP, Wang LP, Meng FG, Sui WX, Feng XJ, Sui YY, Leng P and Yu JM designed the research study; Yu JJ performed the conceptualization, methodology, software, data curation, visualization, and wrote the original draft; Zhu L and Li XP performed the investigation; Wang LP performed the writing of the original draft; Meng FG and Sui WX performed the writing, reviewing, and editing; Feng XJ and Sui YY performed the editing; Leng P and Yu JM performed the conceptualization, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition, they are co-corresponding authors; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
AI contribution statement: During the preparation of this work, the authors did not use any generative AI or AI-assisted technologies in the writing or analysis process.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Corresponding author: Jun-Min Yu, MD, Doctor, Department of Pain Treatment, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China. longalley2011@qdu.edu.cn
Received: June 15, 2026
Revised: July 31, 2026
Accepted: October 14, 2026
Published online: December 15, 2026
Processing time: 150 Days and 2.5 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: In this umbrella review, we selected 59 reviews and meta-analyses of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (immune checkpoint inhibitors) to determine the effectiveness of these new therapeutics in five digestive system cancers. We applied AMSTAR-1 (a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews) and grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation to map out the hierarchy of evidence. In our review, immune checkpoint inhibitors have activity in gastric and esophageal cancers, but more than half of the outcomes we covered rest on low- or very-low-certainty evidence.
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