Clinical outcomes of single-port, modified two-port, and three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A comparative retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Patient demographics and preoperative parameters, n (%)/mean ± SD (95% confidence interval)

Index	MTP (n = 31)	TP (n = 100)	SP (n = 11)	P value (MTP vs TP)	P value (MTP vs SP)	P value (TP vs SP)
Age (years)	48.5 ± 16.2 (42.7-54.3)	53.3 ± 11.3 (51.0-55.6)	40.5 ± 12.4 (33.4-47.6)	0.005	0.322	0.001
Gender
Male	9 (29.1)	40 (40.0)	0 (0.0)	0.270	0.044	0.009
Female	22 (70.9)	60 (60.0)	11 (100.0)
BMI (kg/m2)	24.8 ± 2.9 (23.8-25.8)	24.6 ± 3.3 (24.0-25.2)	22.3 ± 2.1 (20.9-23.7)	0.749	0.012	0.280
WBC (× 109/L)	5.9 ± 1.6 (5.4-6.4)	5.8 ± 1.7 (5.5-6.1)	5.2 ± 1.5 (4.3-6.1)	0.813	0.199	0.232
AST (U/L)	36.5 ± 48.4 (20.1-52.9)	44.9 ± 100 (25.1-64.7)	20.3 ± 10.0 (14.0-26.6)	0.653	0.281	0.420
ALT (U/L)	26.6 ± 15.4 (21.5-31.7)	34.9 ± 54.9 (24.1-45.7)	25.5 ± 8.2 (20.3-30.5)	0.408	0.825	0.573
ALB (U/L)	45.6 ± 3.7 (44.4-46.8)	44.6 ± 3.5 (44.0-45.2)	43.9 ± 4.3 (41.0-46.8)	0.150	0.203	0.537
Comorbidities
Diabetes	0 (0.0)	3 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	0.632	0.772	1.000
Hypertension	3 (9.7)	11 (11.0)	0 (0.0)
None	28 (90.3)	86 (86.0)	11 (100.0)
Prior abdominal surgery
Yes	12 (38.7)	40 (40.0)	5 (45.5)	0.795	0.473	0.974
No	19 (61.3)	60 (60.0)	6 (54.5)

Continuous variables were compared via one-way analysis of variance, while categorical variables were compared via χ² or Fisher’s exact test (for small cell sizes). MTP: Modified two-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; TP: Three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; SP: Single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; BMI: Body mass index; WBC: White blood cells; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALB: Albumin.

Table 2 Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes, n (%)/mean ± SD (95% confidence interval)

Outcome measure	MTP (n = 31)	TP (n = 100)	SP (n = 11)	P value (MTP vs TP)	P value (MTP vs SP)	P value (TP vs SP)
Operative time (minutes)	52.5 ± 19.5 (45.8-59.2)	55.2 ± 23.0 (50.7-59.7)	103.1 ± 34.9 (82.3-123.9)	0.566	0.009	0.000
Intraoperative blood loss < 10 mL	31 (100) (89.1-100.0)	100 (100) (96.3-100.0)	11 (100) (71.5-100.0)	1.000	1.000	1.000
Hospital stay (days)	1.2 ± 0.5 (1.0-1.4)	1.3 ± 0.6 (1.2-1.4)	1.5 ± 0.5 (1.2-1.8)	0.341	0.136	0.384
Postoperative complications	0 (0) (0.0-10.9)	0 (0) (0.0-3.6)	1 (9.1) (1.1-31.0)	< 0.001	0.089	0.0087
Postoperative pain (VNRS)
24 hours	2.1 ± 1.0 (1.8-2.4)	2.3 ± 1.1 (2.1-2.5)	2.5 ± 1.2 (1.8-3.2)	0.320	0.210	0.450
48 hours	1.2 ± 0.8 (0.9-1.5)	1.4 ± 0.9 (1.2-1.6)	1.6 ± 1.0 (1.0-2.2)	0.280	0.170	0.390

MTP: Modified two-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; TP: Three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; SP: Single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; VNRS: Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (0-10, higher = worse pain).