Impact of gut microbiome on outcomes following endoscopic interventions in gastrointestinal disease

Table 1 Summary of microbiome roles in endoscopic interventions

Microbial genera	Function	Impact on healing and complications
Faecalibacterium	Butyrate production, anti-inflammatory effects	Promotes mucosal healing, reduces inflammation
Bacteroides	Polysaccharide breakdown, immune regulation	Supports immune tolerance, aids mucosal repair
Proteobacteria	Pathogenicity, LPS production	Increases inflammation, delays healing
Fusobacterium	Inflammation promotion, cancer association	Impairs healing, linked to cancer recurrence

LPS: Lipopolysaccharides.

Table 2 Key metabolites and their roles in mucosal healing

Metabolite	Source microbes	Role in healing
Butyrate	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides	Fuels colonocytes, regulates immune cells, maintains epithelial integrity
SCFAs (acetate, propionate)	Fermentative bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides)	Supports tight junctions, immune modulation
LPS	Proteobacteria, pathogenic strains	Triggers cytokine release, exacerbates inflammation

SCFAs: Short chain fatty acids; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides.

Table 3 Endoscopic and gastric procedure studies

Ref.	Title	Study group	Intervention	Inference
Cheon et al[29]	H. pylori eradication therapy may facilitate gastric ulcer healing after endoscopic mucosal resection	Patients undergoing endoscopic mucosal resection for gastric ulcers	H. pylori eradication therapy	Eradication therapy accelerates mucosal healing and reduces ulcer size post-endoscopy
Shen et al[30]	The impact of ERAS-based nursing interventions on postoperative complication management and prognosis in early gastrointestinal tumor endoscopic resection	Early GI tumor patients undergoing endoscopic resection	ERAS nursing care protocol	ERAS nursing interventions improve complication management and prognosis post-endoscopic resection
Shi et al[31]	Construction and validation of machine learning-based predictive model for colorectal polyp recurrence one year after endoscopic mucosal resection	Patients post-endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal polyps	ML model using microbiome + clinical data	Microbiome-informed ML model predicts colorectal polyp recurrence with good accuracy

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; GI: Gastrointestinal; ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; ML: Machine learning.

Table 4 Colorectal Interventions

Ref.	Title	Study group	Intervention	Inference
Ben Izhak et al[48]	Projection of gut microbiome pre-and post-bariatric surgery to predict surgery outcome	Patients undergoing bariatric surgery	Bariatric surgery with perioperative microbiome profiling	Microbial shifts post-surgery correlate with weight loss success and metabolic improvements
Carlini et al[49]	Implementation of the gut microbiota prevents anastomotic leaks in laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer	Colorectal cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery	Preoperative gut microbiota modulation	Microbiota-targeted intervention reduces anastomotic leak rates
Jin et al[50]	Gut microbiota from non-complicated anastomotic leak patients promotes colon anastomotic healing	Patients with and without anastomotic leak	Microbiota transfer from non-leak patients to epithelial cells	Microbiota from healthy patients induces collagen synthesis, promoting healing
Liu et al[51]	Improvement effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis MH-02 in patients receiving resection of colorectal polyps	Patients undergoing colorectal polyp resection	Bifidobacterium animalis supplementation	Probiotic improves postoperative immune parameters and recovery
Park et al[52]	Effects of probiotics on the symptoms and surgical outcomes after anterior resection of colon cancer	Colon cancer patients post anterior resection	Probiotic supplementation	Probiotics reduce postoperative symptoms and complications
Martínez-Sánchez et al[53]	Gut microbiome modification through dietary intervention in patients with colorectal cancer (protocol)	Colorectal cancer patients planned for surgery	Dietary intervention to modify microbiome	Protocol to assess dietary impact on microbiome and surgical outcomes
Veziant et al[54]	Prognostic value of combination of gut microbiota, sarcopenia, obesity, metabolic syndrome to predict surgical/oncologic outcomes in colorectal cancer	Colorectal cancer surgery patients	Observational with microbiota and clinical/metabolic factor assessment	Protocol to evaluate gut microbiota with clinical/metabolic factors for outcome prediction