Clinical outcomes of single-port, modified two-port, and three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A comparative retrospective cohort study

Figure 1  The patient selection process.

Figure 2  Surgical instruments used.

Figure 3 Placement of surgical instruments. A: Placement of surgical instruments in single-port technique; B: Placement of surgical instruments in three-port technique; C: Placement of surgical instruments in modified two-port technique.

Figure 4 Postoperative scar appearance. A: Postoperative scar appearance 1 month after modified two-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Umbilical and sub-xiphoid incisions with minimal visibility; B: Postoperative scar appearance 1 month after single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Umbilical incisions with minimal visibility; C: Postoperative scar appearance 10 days after three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Umbilical and sub-xiphoid incisions with mild bruise and early signs of healing.