Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: Correlating endoscopic findings with symptoms and pH-impedance results

Figure 1 Distribution and categorization of subjects (n = 199). A: Distribution of symptoms among subjects with gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms; B: Categorization of subjects with gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms according to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. ERD: Erosive reflux disease.

Figure 2 Categorization of subjects with gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms according to all available investigation results (n = 209). GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; ERD: Erosive reflux disease; NERD: Non-erosive reflux disease; RH: Reflux hypersensitivity; EGJ: Esophageal-gastric junction; FH: Functional heartburn; UGIE: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; MII-pH: Multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring.

Figure 3 Information on subjects with gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms who underwent endoscopy, high-resolution manometry, and multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (n = 46). A: Categorization of subjects; B: Number and percentage of hiatal hernia detected by high-resolution manometry and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. ERD: Erosive reflux disease; AET: Acid exposure times; HH: Hiatal hernia; UGIE: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; HRM: High-resolution manometry.

Figure 4 Mean nocturnal baseline impedance values in patients with acid exposure times > 4% and acid exposure times < 4%. P values were obtained via Mann-Whitney U test. ^aP < 0.001, ^bP = 0.913. AET: Acid exposure time; MNBI: Mean nocturnal baseline impedance.

Figure 5 Clinical algorithm for gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosis in resource-limited settings. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; UGIE: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; ERD: Erosive reflux disease; NERD: Non-erosive reflux disease; RH: Reflux hypersensitivity; FH: Functional heartburn; AET: Acid exposure times; SAP: Symptom association probability.