Systematic Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Oct 16, 2018; 10(10): 308-321
Published online Oct 16, 2018. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v10.i10.308
Systematic review of safety and efficacy of therapeutic endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography during pregnancy including studies of radiation-free therapeutic endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography
Mitchell S Cappell, Stavros Nicholas Stavropoulos, David Friedel
Mitchell S Cappell, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, United States
Mitchell S Cappell, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI 48073, United States
Stavros Nicholas Stavropoulos, David Friedel, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University Winthrop Medical Center, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
Author contributions: Cappell MS had the most important contributions to the organization, writing, and editing of the manuscript; Stavropoulos SN and Friedel D contributed very significantly to all aspects of the paper, including the organization, writing, and editing of the manuscript; the final manuscript was reviewed, corrected, and approved by all three authors.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Mitchell S Cappell, FACG, MD, PhD, Chief Doctor, Professor, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, William Beaumont Hospital, 3535 W. Thirteen Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, United States. mitchell.cappell@beaumont.edu
Telephone: +11-1248-5511227 Fax: +11-1248-5517581
Received: April 28, 2018
Peer-review started: April 28, 2018
First decision: May 18, 2018
Revised: July 13, 2018
Accepted: August 26, 2018
Article in press: August 27, 2018
Published online: October 16, 2018
Processing time: 171 Days and 10.9 Hours
Abstract
AIM

To systematically review safety/efficacy of therapeutic endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) performed during pregnancy, considering fetal viability, fetal teratogenicity, premature delivery, and future postpartum development of the infant.

METHODS

Systematic computerized literature search performed using PubMed with the key words “ERCP” and “pregnancy”. Two clinicians independently reviewed the literature, and decided on which articles to incorporate in this review based on consensus and preassigned priorities. Large clinical trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and controlled trials were assigned higher priority than review articles or small clinical series, and individual case reports were assigned lowest priority. Dr. Cappell has formal training and considerable experience in conducting systematic reviews, with 4 published systematic reviews in peer-reviewed journals indexed in PubMed during the last 2 years, and with a PhD in neurophysiology that involved 5 years of training and research in biomedical statistics.

RESULTS

Advances in imaging modalities, including abdominal ultrasound, MRCP, and endoscopic ultrasound, have generally obviated the need for diagnostic ERCP in non-pregnant and pregnant patients. Clinical experience with performing ERCP during pregnancy is burgeoning, with > 500 cases of therapeutic ERCP reported in the literature, aside from a national registry study of 58 patients. These studies show that therapeutic ERCP has a very high rate of technical success in clearing the bile duct of gallstones, and has a relatively low and acceptable rate of maternal and fetal complications. The great majority of births after therapeutic ERCP are full-term, have normal birth weights, and are healthy. A recent trend is performing ERCP without radiation to eliminate radiation teratogenicity. Systematic literature review reveals 147 cases of ERCP without fluoroscopy in 8 clinical series. These studies demonstrate extremely high technical success in endoscopically removing choledocholithiasis, favorable maternal outcomes with rare maternal ERCP complications, and excellent fetal outcomes. ERCP without fluoroscopy generally confirms proper biliary cannulation by aspiration of yellow bile per sphincterotome or leakage of yellow bile around an inserted guide-wire.

CONCLUSION

This systematic literature review reveals ERCP is relatively safe and efficacious during pregnancy, with relatively favorable maternal and fetal outcomes after ERCP. Recommendations are provided about ERCP indications, special ERCP techniques during pregnancy, and prospects for future research.

Keywords: Minimally invasive therapy; Endoscopy; Ascending cholangitis; Therapeutic endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography; Pregnancy; Radiation teratogenicity

Core tip: This work systematically reviews safety/efficacy of therapeutic endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) performed during pregnancy, considering fetal viability, fetal teratogenicity, premature delivery, and future development of the infant after parturition. Systematic computerized literature search was performed using PubMed with key words “ERCP” and “pregnancy”. Two clinicians independently reviewed the literature, and decided on which articles to incorporate in this review based on pre-arranged prioritization and consensus. Clinical experience with performing ERCP during pregnancy is burgeoning, with > 500 cases of therapeutic ERCP reported in the literature, plus a national registry study of 58 patients.