Isolated bilateral Tapia’s syndrome after liver transplantation: A case report and review of the literature

Table 1 Cases of Tapia’s syndrome reported in the literatura to date (including our case): 54 peripheral type and 2 central type

Ref.	Age	Sex	Clinical procedure	OTI	Bil	Diagnosis	Treatment	Follow-up	Recovery
Bilbao 2016	50	M	Liver transplantation due to HCV cirrhosis coinfected with HIV and hepatocellular carcinoma	Yes	Yes	N eurological examination Electromiography Laryngeal endoscopy Head and neck CT and MRI Video fluoroscopic examination	Temporary tracheotomy for airway management Nasogastric tube feeding Speech and swallowing therapy	4 mo	Yes
Cariati et al[7] 2016	36	M	Neck abscess drainage	Yes	No	Neurological exam Barium swallow X-ray Swallowing endoscopy	Rehabilitation program	3 mo	Yes
	61	M	Neck abscess drainage	Yes	No	Neurologic exam Airway endoscopy	Rehabilitation program	3 mo	Yes
	42	M	Shoulder fracture reduction	Yes	No	Neurologic exam Airway endoscopy	Rehabilitation program	3 mo	Yes
Coninckx et al[8] 2015	64	M	Liver cirrhosis. Pneumonia and respiratory failure	Yes	No	Neurological examination Lumbar puncture Laryngeal endoscopy Head and neck CT and MRI Chest CT	Speech and swallowing therapy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy	22 mo	Yes
	49	M	Myocardial infarction. Percutaneous coronary intervention. Penumonia	Yes	Yes	Neurologic examination Brain CT	Corticosteroid therapy 8 wk Speech and swallowing therapy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy	4 mo	Yes
Yilmaz et al[9] 2015	61	M	Bone metastatic prostate cancer	No	No	Neck CT and MRI	-	-	-
Paramalingam et al[10] 2015	38	M	Eagle syndrome. Pneumonia	Yes	No	Head and neck CT
Brandt et al[11] 2015	23	M	Otorhinolaryngology surgical procedure	Yes	No	-	-	-	-
	67	-	Arthroscopic intervention of left shoulder	Yes	No	-	-	-	-
Ghorbani et al[12] 2014	27	M	Septorhinoplasty	Yes	No	Neurological examination Head and neck MRI	Systemic corticosteroids	6 mo	Yes
Ulusoy et al[13] 2014	19	F	Nasoseptal deformity	Yes	No	Neurological examination Head and neck MRI Airway endoscopy	Systemic corticosteroids	6 mo	Yes
Cantalupo et al[14] 2014	16	M	Large B-cell Lymphoma	No	No	-	-	-	-
Lo Casto et al[15] 2013	42	F	Inflammatory pseudotumor of the neck	No	No	Neurological examination Electromiography Laryngeal endoscopy Head and neck MRI Chest and abdomen CT	Corticosteroid therapy	-	-
Kang et al[16] 2013	47	M	Cervical spine surgery	Yes	No	Head and neck CT and MRI	Corticosteroid therapy Speech therapy rehabilitation	8 mo	Partially
Emohare et al[17] 2013	17	M	Artrodesis T1-L1	Yes	No	Barium swallow X-ray Head and neck MRI Airway endoscopy	Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Hialuronic acid inyection Rehabilitation program	1 mo	Yes
Varedi et al[18] 2013	27	M	Zygomatic complex fracture	Yes	No	Neurological examination Head and neck CT and MRI Laringoscopic examination	Systemic corticosteroids Vitamin B complex Rehabilitation program	9 mo	Yes
Gevorgyan et al[19] 2013	48	F	Liposuction 3 yr previously rhinoplasty 25 yr previously	Yes	No	Neurological examination Head and neck CT and MRI Laringoscopic examination	Vocal cord injection Rehabilitation program	3 yr	Partially
Lim et al[20] 2013	64	M	Cervical spine surgery	Yes	No	Neurological examination Head and neck CT and MRI Laringoscopic examination Video fluoroscopic examination	Systemic corticosteroids Electrical stimulation therapy Nasogastric tube feeding	3 mo	Yes
Park et al[21] 2013	53	M	Posterior cervical spine surgery Posterior cervical spine surgery	Yes	No	Head and neck CT and MRI Laryngeal electromyography	-	6 mo	Yes
	56	M		Yes	No	-	-	2 mo	Yes
Sønnichsen et al[22] 2013	-	-	Legionella infection	Yes	Yes	-	-	2 mo	Partially
Nalladuru et al[23] 2012	49	M	Cardiac surgery	Yes	No	Neurological examination Head and neck CT and MRI	Systemic corticosteroids Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy	2.5 mo	Yes
Turan et al[24] 2012	15	M	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia pneumonia	Yes	Yes	Neurological examination Laringoscopic examination	Systemic corticosteroids	0.5 mo	Partially
Wadelek et al[25] 2012	57	M	Arthroscopic shoulder	Yes	No	Neurological examination Head and neck MRI Laryngeal endoscopy	Rehabilitation program	+ 2 mo	Yes
Lykoudis et al[26] 2012	32	M	Rhinoplasty	Yes	No	Head and neck CT Laryngeal endoscopy	Oral corticosteroid therapy Speech and swallowing therapy	4 mo	Yes
Park et al[27] 2011	42	M	Anterior cervical spine surgery	Yes	No	Neurological examination Electromyography Video fluoroscopic swallowing Laryngeal endoscopy Head and neck MRI	Rehabilitation program	7 mo	Yes
Torres-Morientes et al[28] 2011	32	M	Tracheostomy and right thoracostomy	1	No	Neurological examination	Speech and swallowing therapy	4 mo	Yes
Al-Sihan et al[29] 2011	63	M	Vertebral artery dissection	No	No	-	Clopidogrel for 6 wk Speech and swallowing therapy	-	Partially
Kashyap et al[30] 2010	41	M	Mandibular fracture	Yes	No	-	None	16 mo	Partially
Rotondo et al[31] 2010	-	-	Cardiac surgery	-	-	-	-	-	-
Boğa et al[32] 2010	35	M	Septorhinoplasty	Yes	No	-	Systemic corticosteroids	0.5 mo	Yes
Dursun et al[33] 2007	-	-	Hunting rifle-shot	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sotiriou et al[34] 2007	-	-	Coronary bypass grafting surgery	Yes	-	-	-	-	-
Tesei et al[35] 2006	30	F	Rhinoplasty	Yes	No	Neurological examination Head and neck MRI	Systemic corticosteroids Speech and swallowing therapy	4 mo	Yes
Cinar et al[36] 2005	20	M	Open rhinoplasty	Yes	Yes	-	Systemic corticosteroids	1 mo	Yes
Yavuzer et al[37] 2004	42	F	Septorhinoplasty	Yes	No	-	Oral corticosteroid therapy	6 mo	Yes
Krasnianski et al[2] 2003	77	M	Metastasic hemangiomasarcoma in the medulla oblongata	-	No	-	None	-	-
Boisseau et al[38] 2002	42	M	Shoulder surgery	Yes	No	Vertebral and carotid ultrasonography Head and neck CT and MRI	Systemic corticosteroids Speech and swallowing therapy	6 mo	Yes
Johnson et al[39] 1999	44	M	Surgical repair of a shoulder injury	No1	No	Head and neck CT and MRI	None	2 mo	Partially
Shimohata et al[40] 1994	61	F	Aneurism of extracranial internal carotid artery	No	No	Carotid angiography Head and neck CT and MRI	-	-	-
Millán Guevara et al[41] 1993	-	-	Viral etiology?	-	-	-	-	-	-
McCleary et al[42] 1993	95	F	Fracture of the odontoid process	-	Yes	-	Naso-gastric tube	12 mo	Partially
Takimoto et al[43] 1991	18	F	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma radiation	-	Yes	-	Temporary tracheotomy for airway management during pregnancy	4 yr	No
de Freitas et al[44] 1991	37	F	Paracoccidiodomycosis fungus in the nasal mucosa	-	-	-	Oral Ketoconazol	2 yr	No
Quattrocolo et al[45] 1986	24	M	Neurilemoma of vagus and hypoglossal nerves	-	-	-	-	-	-
Gelmers et al[46] 1983	41	M	Thoracotomy	Yes	No	-	-	12 mo	No
	36	M	Thoracotomy	Yes	No	-	-	12 mo	No
Andrioli et al[47] 1980	25	M	Neurofibrome of X and XII nerves below the nodose ganglion	No	No	-	Surgery: Resection of the two nerves	-	No
Mayer et al[48] 1974	51	M	Hiatus hernia repair. Pneumonia	Yes	No	-	None	0.5 mo	Partially
Ruhrmann et al[49] 1963	-	-	Congenital	-	-	-	-	-	-
Babini et al[50] 1961	-	-	Obstetrical trauma	-	-	-	-	-	-
Symonds et al[51] 1923	35	F	Chronic otitis media	No	No	-	-	2 yr	Partially
Tapia et al[1] 1905	-	M	Bullfighter injury behind the angle of the jaw		No

Interscalene brachial plexus block

¹Tracheostomy. OTI: Orotracheal intubation; BIL: Bilateral; F: Female; M: Male; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.